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Xray2 Generators

This document summarizes the key components and functions of x-ray generators. X-ray generators must precisely control tube voltage and current to produce x-rays of the desired quality and quantity. The main components are a console containing switches, meters and timer circuits; a transformer tank housing a high voltage transformer, rectification and filament current supply. Generators can use single or three-phase power supplies, and half-wave or full-wave rectification to deliver high voltage to the x-ray tube. Timer circuits control exposure time, while automatic exposure controls end exposures based on radiation detected at the cassette. Portable and capacitor discharge generators are also discussed.

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Thyago Mangueira
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193 views24 pages

Xray2 Generators

This document summarizes the key components and functions of x-ray generators. X-ray generators must precisely control tube voltage and current to produce x-rays of the desired quality and quantity. The main components are a console containing switches, meters and timer circuits; a transformer tank housing a high voltage transformer, rectification and filament current supply. Generators can use single or three-phase power supplies, and half-wave or full-wave rectification to deliver high voltage to the x-ray tube. Timer circuits control exposure time, while automatic exposure controls end exposures based on radiation detected at the cassette. Portable and capacitor discharge generators are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Thyago Mangueira
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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X-Ray Units

X-Ray Tube Circuits

X_RAY GENERATORS

Must provide precise tube voltage (kVp) and


filament current to allow x-ray production of
desired quality (kVp) and quantity (mA)
Console

Line Compensator
Autotransformer
Switches, Meters and timer circuits

Transformer Tank
High Voltage transformer
Rectification
Filament current supply

1-Phase Full Wave X-Ray Generator

X-Ray Console and Primary Circuits

X-Ray Console and Primary Circuits


Line Voltage Compensation:

-- Monitors input line voltage


-- Adjusts for drops/surges in
line voltage
--Automatic (and invisible) or
Autotransformer:
manual
-- Self-induction (1 coil) with
adjustable
input (for LVC) and output
taps
-- Provides adjustable down)
voltages to
primaries of kV and mA
circuits
-- Step-up (~ 2:1 max) or step

mA
Circuits

Regulates mA by controlling filament


current (i.e., filament heating) and thus
thermionic emission

Selector: separate rheostat for each mA


station, calibrated to yield current (3-5
amps) for desired mA crossing tube
Transformer: Step down to ~10 volts

kV
Circuit

Selector: Taps off autotransformer (maybe


coarse+fine)
kV Meter: In primary circuit (uses transformer
law)
(calibrated for power losses
High voltage transformer: 500-1000 turns-ratio
(150 kV)

High Voltage: No rectification

High Voltage: Half-wave Rectification

Half-wave Rectification Tube Circuit

High Voltage: Full-wave Rectification

X-ray Production Efficiency vs kV

3-PHASE VOLTAGE SUPPLY

3-Phase 6-Pulse vs 12-Pulse

kV Waveforme Ripple

High Frequency Generators

Timer Circuits (Modern Generators)

Timers:

Electronic RC circuit timers


Usually in multiples of 1/120 second for 1phase

Switches:
Solid state switches (Thyratrons)
Grid-controlled x-ray tubes for rapid pulsing

Automatic
Exposure
Control
(AEC):
Phototimers

Automatic Exposure Control (Phototimer):


Sensor(usually 3) measuring radiation at cassette; signal
to generator to end exposure at proper time.
Types of phototimers:
Photomultiplier: light from a small screen converted to
electrical signal proportional to radiation at receptor
Radiopaque, so must be behind cassette
Ionization

Chambers:

Plate or grid type operating in ion chamber region


Radiolucent, so may be placed in front of cassette

Solid State:
Can be ~radiolucent, but often quite energy dependent

Falling Load Generators

Battery Powered Generators-Portable

Capacitor Discharge Generators


V = Q/C
where:
V=volts
Q=charge
C=capacitance

mAs = F x
kV

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