23TCP/IPPROTOCOLSUITE
The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed
prior to the OSI model.
Therefore, the layers in the TCP/IP
protocol suite do not match exactly with
those in the OSI model.
The original TCP/IP protocol suite was
defined as four software layers built
upon the hardware.
Today, however, TCP/IP is thought1 of as a
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Figure 2.7
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Layers in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Figure 2.8
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
TCP/IP and OSI model
Figure 2.9
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
A private internet
Figure 2.10
Communication at the physical layer
Legend
R1
Source
Destination
R3
R4
Physical
layer
Physical
layer
Link 1
Link 3
Link 5
Link 6
011 ... 101
011 ... 101
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
011 ... 101
Note
The unit of communication at the
physical layer is a bit.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Figure 2.11 Communication at the data link layer
Source
Legend
R1
Destination D Data
R3
H Header
R4
Data link
Data link
Physical
Physical
Link 1
Link 3
Link 5
Link 6
D2 H2
Frame
D2 H2
Frame
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
D2 H2
Frame
Note
The unit of communication at the data
link layer is a frame.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Figure 2.12
Communication at the network layer
Legend
Source
R1
Destination D Data
R3
H Header
R4
Network
Network
Data link
Data link
Physical
Physical
D3 H3
Datagram
D3 H3
Datagram
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Note
The unit of communication at the
network layer is a datagram.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
10
Figure 2.13
A
Transport
Communication at transport layer
Source
Legend
R1
Destination D Data
R3
H Header
Transport
R4
Network
Network
Data link
Data link
Physical
Physical
D4 H4
Segment
D4 H4
Segment
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
11
Note
The unit of communication at the
transport layer is a segment, user
datagram depending on the specific
protocol used in this layer.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
12
Figure 2.14
Communication at application layer
A
Application
Transport
B
Legend
Source
R1
Destination D Data
R3
H Header
Application
Transport
R4
Network
Network
Data link
Data link
Physical
Physical
D5 D5
Message
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
13
D5 D5
Message
Note
The unit of communication at the
application layer is a message.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
14
24ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an
internet employing the TCP/IP protocols:
physical address, logical address, port
address,
and
application-specific
address. Each address is related to a one
layer in the TCP/IP architecture, as
shown in Figure 2.15.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
15
TopicsDiscussedintheSection
Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Application-Specific Addresses
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
16
Figure 2.15
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Addresses in the TCP/IP protocol suite
17
Example 2.3
In Figure 2.16 a node with physical address 10 sends a
frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
are connected by a link (a LAN).
At the data link layer, this frame contains physical (link)
addresses in the header. These are the only addresses
needed. The rest of the header contains other information
needed at this level. As the figure shows, the computer with
physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with
physical address 87 is the receiver. The data link layer at the
sender receives data from an upper layer. It encapsulates the
data in a frame. The frame is propagated through the LAN.
Each station with a physical address other than 87 drops
the frame because the destination address in the frame does
not match its own physical address. The intended destination
computer, however, finds a match between the destination
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
address
in the frame and its own physical address.18
Figure 2.16
87 10
Data
Example 2.3: physical addresses
packet
discarded
packet
discarded
packet
accepted
2 3
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
87 10
19
Data
Example 2.4
A 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12
hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal
digits) is separated by a colon, as shown below:
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
20
Example 2.5
Figure 2.17 shows a part of an internet with two
routers connecting three LANs.
Each device (computer or router) has a pair of
addresses (logical and physical) for each connection.
In this case, each computer is connected to only one
link and therefore has only one pair of addresses.
Each router, however, is connected to three networks.
So each router has three pairs of addresses, one for
each connection.
The computer with logical address A and physical
address 10 needs to send a packet to the computer
with logical address P and physical address 95.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
21
Figure 2.17
Example 2.5: logical addresses
20 10 A P Data
20 10 A P Data
33 99 A P Data
Physical
addresses
changed
95 66 A P Data
95 66 A P Data
33 99 A P Data
Physical
addresses
changed
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
22
Note
The physical addresses will change
from hop to hop, but the logical
addresses remain the same.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
23
Example 2.6
Figure 2.18 shows two computers communicating
via the Internet.
The sending computer is running three processes
at this time with port addresses a, b, and c.
The receiving computer is running two processes
at this time with port addresses j and k.
Process a in the sending computer needs to
communicate with process j in the receiving
computer.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
24
Figure 2.18
Example 2.6: port numbers
Receiver
Sender
Data
Data
a j
Data
a j
Data
A P a j
Data
A P a j
Data
H2 A P a j
Data
H2 A P a j
Data
Internet
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
25
Note
The physical addresses change from
hop to hop, but the logical and port
addresses usually remain the same.
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
26
Example 2.7
A port address is a 16-bit address represented by
one decimal number as shown.
753
A 16-bit port address represented as one single
number
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
27
