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BURN INJURIES & ITS
MANAGEMENT
BURNS
Wounds caused by exposure to:
1. excessive heat
2. Chemicals
3. fire/steam
4. radiation
5. electricity
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BURNS
Results in 10-20 thousand deaths annually
Survival best at ages 15-45
Children, elderly, and diabetics-increase risk
Survival best burns cover less than 20% of TBA
(total body surface area)
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TYPES OF BURNS
Thermal
exposure to flame or a hot object
Chemical
exposure to acid, alkali or organic substances
Electrical
result from the conversion of electrical energy into heat.
Extent of injury depends on the type of current, the
pathway of flow, local tissue resistance, and duration of
contact
Radiation
result from radiant energy being transferred to the body
resulting in production of cellular toxins
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CHEMICAL BURN
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ELECTRICAL BURN
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BURN WOUND ASSESSMENT
Classified
according to depth of injury and
extent of body surface area involved
Burn wounds differentiated depending on
the level of dermis and subcutaneous
tissue involved
1. superficial (first-degree)
2. deep (second-degree)
3. full thickness (third and fourth
degree)
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SUPERFICIAL BURNS
(FIRST DEGREE)
Epidermal tissue only affected
Erythema, blanching on pressure, mild swelling
no vesicles or blister initially
Not serious unless large areas involved
i.e. sunburn
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DEEP (SECOND DEGREE)
*Involves the epidermis and deep layer of the
dermis
Fluid-filled vesicles red, shiny, wet, severe pain
Hospitalization required if over 25% of body
surface involved
i.e. tar burn, flame
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FULL THICKNESS
(THIRD/FOURTH DEGREE)
Destruction of all skin layers
Requires immediate hospitalization
Dry, waxy white, leathery, or hard skin, no pain
Exposure to flames, electricity or chemicals can
cause 3rd degree burns
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CALCULATION OF BURNED BODY
SURFACE AREA
Calculation
of Burned
Body Surface Area
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TOTAL BODY SURFACE AREA
(TBSA)
Superficial burns are not involved in the
calculation
Lund and Browder Chart is the most accurate
because it adjusts for age
Rule of nines divides the body adequate for
initial assessment for adult burns
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LUND BROWDER CHART USED FOR
DETERMINING BSA
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Evans, 18.1, 2007)
RULES OF NINES
Head & Neck = 9%
Each upper extremity (Arms) = 9%
Each lower extremity (Legs) = 18%
Anterior trunk= 18%
Posterior trunk = 18%
Genitalia (perineum) = 1%
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VASCULAR CHANGES
RESULTING FROM BURN
INJURIES
Circulatory
disruption occurs at the burn
site immediately after a burn injury
Blood flow decreases or cease due to
occluded blood vessels
Damaged macrophages within the tissues
release chemicals that cause constriction
of vessel
Blood vessel thrombosis may occur
causing necrosis
Macrophage: A type of white blood that ingests (takes in) foreign
material. Macrophages are key players in the immune response to foreign
invaders such as infectious microorganisms.
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FLUID SHIFT
Occurs
after initial vasoconstriction, then
dilation
Blood vessels dilate and leak fluid into
the interstitial space
Known as third spacing or capillary leak
syndrome
Causes decreased blood volume and blood
pressure
Occurs within the first 12 hours after the
burn and can continue to up to 36 hours
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FLUID IMBALANCES
Occur
as a result of fluid shift and cell
damage
Hypovolemia
Metabolic acidosis
Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia
Hemoconcentration (elevated blood
osmolarity, hematocrit/hemoglobin) due to
dehydration
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FLUID REMOBILIZATION
Occurs
after 24 hours
Capillary leak stops
See diuretic stage where edema fluid
shifts from the interstitial spaces into the
vascular space
Blood volume increases leading to
increased renal blood flow and diuresis
Body weight returns to normal
See Hypokalemia
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CURLINGS ULCER
Acute ulcerative gastro duodenal disease
Occur within 24 hours after burn
Due to reduced GI blood flow and mucosal
damage
Treat clients with H2 blockers, mucoprotectants,
and early enteral nutrition
Watch for sudden drop in hemoglobin
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PHASES OF BURN INJURIES
Emergent (24-48 hrs)
Acute
Rehabilitative
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EMERGENT PHASE
*Immediate problem is fluid loss, edema,
reduced blood flow (fluid and electrolyte
shifts)
Goals:
1. secure airway
2. support circulation by fluid
replacement
3. keep the client comfortable with
analgesics
4. prevent infection through wound care
5. maintain body temperature
6. provide emotional support
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EMERGENT PHASE
Knowledge of circumstances surrounding the
burn injury
Obtain clients pre-burn weight (dry weight) to
calculate fluid rates
Calculations based on weight obtained after fluid
replacement is started are not accurate because
of water-induced weight gain
Height is important in determining body surface
area (BSA) which is used to calculate nutritional
needs
Know clients health history because the
physiologic stress seen with a burn can make a
latent disease process develop symptoms
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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN THE
EMERGENT PHASE
Clients with major burn injuries and with inhalation injury
are at risk for respiratory problems
Inhalation injuries are present in 20% to 50% of the clients
admitted to burn centers
Assess the respiratory system by inspecting the mouth, nose,
and pharynx
Burns of the lips, face, ears, neck, eyelids, eyebrows, and
eyelashes are strong indicators that an inhalation injury may
be present
Change in respiratory pattern may indicate a pulmonary
injury.
The client may: become progressively hoarse, develop a brassy
cough, drool or have difficulty swallowing, produce expiratory
sounds that include audible wheezes, crowing, and stridor
Upper airway edema and inhalation injury are most common
in the trachea and mainstem bronchi
Auscultate these areas for wheezes
If wheezes
disappear, this indicates impending airway
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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Cardiovascular
will begin immediately
which can include shock (Shock is a
common cause of death in the emergent
phase in clients with serious injuries)
Obtain a baseline EKG
Monitor for edema, measure central and
peripheral pulses, blood pressure,
capillary refill and pulse oximetry
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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Changes
in renal function are related to
decreased renal blood flow
Urine is usually highly concentrated and
has a high specific gravity
Urine output is decreased during the first
24 hours of the emergent phase
Fluid resuscitation is provided at the rate
needed to maintain adult urine output at
30 to 50- mL/hr.
Measure BUN, creat and NA levels
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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Sympathetic
stimulation during the
emergent phase causes reduced GI
motility and paralytic ileus
Auscultate the abdomen to assess bowel
sounds which may be reduced
Monitor for n/v and abdominal distention
Clients with burns of 25% TBSA or who
are intubated generally require a NG tube
inserted to prevent aspiration and
removal of gastric secretions
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SKIN ASSESSMENT
Assess
the skin to determine the size and
depth of burn injury
The size of the injury is first estimated in
comparison to the total body surface area
(TBSA). For example, a burn that involves
40% of the TBSA is a 40% burn
Use the rule of nines for clients whose
weights are in normal proportion to their
heights
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IV FLUID THERAPY
Infusion of IV fluids is needed to maintain sufficient
blood volume for normal CO
Clients with burns involving 15% to 20% of the TBSA
require IV fluid
Purpose is to prevent shock by maintaining adequate
circulating blood fluid volume
Severe burn requires large fluid loads in a short time
to maintain blood flow to vital organs
Fluid replacement formulas are calculated from the
time of injury and not from the time of arrival at the
hospital
Diuretics should not be given to increase urine output.
Change the amount and rate of fluid administration.
Diuretics do not increase CO; they actually decrease
circulating volume and CO by pulling fluid from the
circulating blood volume to enhance diuresis
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COMMON FLUIDS
Protenate or 5% albumin in isotonic saline (1/2
given in first 8 hr; given in next 16 hr)
LR (Lactate Ringer) without dextrose (1/2 given
in first 8 hr; given in next 16 hr)
Crystalloid (hypertonic saline) adjust to maintain
urine output at 30 mL/hr
Crystalloid only (lactated ringers)
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NURSING DIAGNOSIS IN THE
EMERGENT PHASE
Decreased CO
Deficient fluid volume r/t active fluid volume loss
Ineffective Tissue perfusion
Ineffective breathing pattern
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ACUTE PHASE OF BURN INJURY
Lasts until wound closure is complete
Care is directed toward continued assessment and
maintenance of the cardiovascular and respiratory
system
Pneumonia is a concern which can result in respiratory
failure requiring mechanical ventilation
Infection (Topical antibiotics Silvadene)
Tetanus toxoid
Weight daily without dressings or splints and compare
to pre-burn weight
A 2% loss of body weight indicates a mild deficit
A 10% or greater weight loss requires modification of
calorie intake
Monitor for signs of infection
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LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC SIGNS
OF INFECTION- GRAM
NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Pseudomonas, Proteus
May led to septic shock
Conversion of a partial-thickness injury to a full-thickness
injury
Ulceration of health skin at the burn site
Erythematous, nodular lesions in uninvolved skin
Excessive burn wound drainage
Odor
Sloughing of grafts
Altered level of consciousness
Changes in vital signs
Oliguria
GI dysfunction such as diarrhea, vomiting
Metabolic acidosis
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LAB VALUES
Na hyponatremia or Hypernatremia
K Hyperkalemia or Hypokalemia
WBC 10,000-20,000
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NURSING DIAGOSIS IN THE
ACUTE PHASE
Impaired skin integrity
Risk for infection
Imbalanced nutrition
Impaired physical mobility
Disturbed body image
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PLANNING AND
IMPLEMENTATION
Nonsurgical management: removal of exudates
and necrotic tissue, cleaning the area,
stimulating granulation and revascularization
and applying dressings. Debridement may be
needed
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DRESSING THE BURN WOUND
After burn wounds are cleaned and debrided,
topical antibiotics are reapplied to prevent
infection
Standard wound dressings are multiple layers of
gauze applied over the topical agents on the burn
wound
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REHABILITATIVE PHASE OF
BURN INJURY
Started
at the time of admission
Technically begins with wound closure
and ends when the client returns to the
highest possible level of functioning
Provide psychosocial support
Assess home environment, financial
resources, medical equipment, prosthetic
rehab
Health teaching should include symptoms
of infection, drugs regimens, f/u
appointments, comfort measures to reduce
pruritus
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DIET
Initially NPO
Begin oral fluids after bowel sounds return
Do not give ice chips or free water lead to
electrolyte imbalance
High protein, high calorie
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GOALS
Prevent
complications (contractures)
Vital signs hourly
Assess respiratory function
Tetanus booster
Anti-infective
Analgesics
No aspirin
Strict surgical asepsis
Turn q2h to prevent contractures
Emotional support
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DEBRIDEMENT
Done with forceps and curved scissor or through
hydrotherapy (application of water for treatment)
Only loose eschar removed
Blisters are left alone to serve as a protector
controversial
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SKIN GRAFTS
Done during the acute phase
Used for full-thickness and deep partialthickness wounds
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POST CARE OF SKIN GRAFTS
Maintain dressing
Use aseptic technique
Graft should look pink if it has taken after 5 days
Skeletal traction may be used to prevent
contractures
Elastic bandages may be applied for 6 mo to 1
year to prevent hypertrophic scarring
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