CATALYST and
CATALYSIS
GARBOSO
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY BUSALLA
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DELA CRUZ
DEFINITION DEFINITION
HISTORY
CATALYSIS
TYPES
is a REACTION in which there is an increase
GENERAL
in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the
PRINCIPLES
participation of another substance.
TECHNICAL
PERSPECTIVE CATALYST
SIGNIFICANCE is the SUBSTANCE that increases the rate of
chemical reaction by providing low energy from
INHIBITORS reactants to products.
PROMOTERS
with CATALYST, the reaction occurs faster with
less energy.
POISONS
DEFINITION DEFINITION
HISTORY
TYPES
Ea (no catalyst)
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
TECHNICAL Energy
PERSPECTIVE
Ea (with catalyst)
SIGNIFICANCE
INHIBITORS G
PROMOTERS
Reaction Progress
POISONS
Ea (no
The hypothetical exothermic reaction of A+B to give P.
Reaction Pathway:
green (no catalyst)
blue (with catalyst)
The final result and the overall thermodynamics are the same.
E
Catalysts work by providing an (alternative) mechanism
involving a different transition state and lower activation energy.
Consequently, more molecular collisions have the energy needed
to reach the transition state. Hence, catalysts can enable
reactions that would otherwise be blocked or slowed by a kinetic
barrier. The catalyst may increase reaction rate or selectivity, or
enable the reaction at lower temperatures.
DEFINITION HISTORY
HISTORY
1794: Chemist Elizabeth Fulhame, described
TYPES
the concept of catalysis in a book based on
her work in oxidation reduction experiments.
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
1835: Jons Jakob Berzelius used the term
TECHNICAL catalysis to describe reactions that are
PERSPECTIVE accelerated by substances that remain
unchanged after the reaction.
SIGNIFICANCE
INHIBITORS Other 18th century chemists who worked in
catalysis :
1. Eilhard Mitscherlich
PROMOTERS
2. Johann Wolfgang Dbereiner
3. Humphry Davy
POISONS 4. Wilhelm Ostwald
DEFINITION TYPES OF CATALYST
HISTORY
Heterogeneous catalyst
TYPES
GENERAL Homogeneous catalyst
PRINCIPLES
TECHNICAL
PERSPECTIVE
Electrocatalyst
SIGNIFICANCE
Organocatalyst
INHIBITORS
Enzymes and biocatalyst
PROMOTERS
POISONS
DEFINITION TYPES OF CATALYST
HISTORY
Heterogeneous catalyst
TYPES
It exist as a separate phase from the reactants in
GENERAL a reaction mixture.
PRINCIPLES
Most heterogeneous catalysts are solids that act
TECHNICAL on substrates in a liquid or gaseous reaction
PERSPECTIVE 1. mixture
Manufacture of ammonia from N2 and H2 using
Fe as the catalyst.
SIGNIFICANCE
N2(g) + 3H2(g) + Fe(s) 2NH3(g)
INHIBITORS
2. Oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide using
PROMOTERS Platinum as a catalyst.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) + Pt(s) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
POISONS
DEFINITION TYPES OF CATALYST
HISTORY
Homogeneous catalyst
TYPES
It exist in the same phase as the reactants in a
GENERAL reaction mixture.
PRINCIPLES 1. Oxidation of Sulfur dioxide to Sulfur trioxide in
presence of nitric oxide as catalyst.
TECHNICAL
PERSPECTIVE
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) + NO (g) 2SO3 (g)
SIGNIFICANCE
INHIBITORS 2. Hydrolysis of Ethyl acetate or sucrode in
presence of dilute sulfuric acid. (H+ from sulfuric
PROMOTERS acid serves as the catalyst)
POISONS
DEFINITION TYPES OF CATALYST
HISTORY
Electrocatalyst
TYPES
In the context of electrochemistry, specifically in
GENERAL fuel cell engineering, various metal-containing
PRINCIPLES catalysts are used to enhance the rates of the half
reactions that comprise the fuel cell.
TECHNICAL
PERSPECTIVE
One common type of fuel cell electrocatalyst is
based upon nanoparticles of platinum that are
SIGNIFICANCE supported on slightly larger carbon particles.
INHIBITORS
PROMOTERS
POISONS
DEFINITION TYPES OF CATALYST
HISTORY
Organocatalyst
TYPES
Consists of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur and other
GENERAL nonmetal elements found in organic compounds.
PRINCIPLES Because of their similarity in composition and
description, they are often mistaken as a
TECHNICAL misnomer for enzymes due to their comparable
PERSPECTIVE effects on reaction rates and forms of catalysis
involved. of asymmetric reactions involving
Examples
SIGNIFICANCE organocatalysts are:
Asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions
INHIBITORS
Asymmetric Michael reactions
Asymmetric Mannich reactions
PROMOTERS Shi epoxidation
Organocatalytic transfer hydrogenation
POISONS
DEFINITION TYPES OF CATALYST
HISTORY
Enzymes and Biocatalysts
TYPES
Enzymes are protein-based catalysts in
GENERAL metabolism and catabolism.
PRINCIPLES
Most biocatalysts are enzymes, but other non-
TECHNICAL protein-based classes of biomolecules also exhibit
PERSPECTIVE catalytic properties including ribozymes, and
synthetic deoxyribozymes.
SIGNIFICANCE
Functions:
1. Increase the rate of reaction
INHIBITORS
2. Occurs reaction in an intermediate condition
3. High degree of specificity
PROMOTERS
POISONS
DEFINITION CATALYSIS
HISTORY
Common Catalytic Reactions
TYPES
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
TECHNICAL
PERSPECTIVE
SIGNIFICANCE
INHIBITORS
PROMOTERS
POISONS
DEFINITION GENERAL PRINCIPLES
HISTORY
TYPES The catalyst, usually present in small amounts, is
not consumed in the reaction.
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Common industries:
TECHNICAL chemicals
PERSPECTIVE polymers
pharmaceuticals
SIGNIFICANCE
INHIBITORS
PROMOTERS
POISONS
DEFINITION GENERAL PRINCIPLES
HISTORY
TYPES The rate of reaction refers to the amount of
reactant consumed or product formed per unit of
GENERAL
time at a given temperature and pressure.
PRINCIPLES
Generally speaking, the rate of reaction goes up
TECHNICAL as the temperature of the reaction is raised.
PERSPECTIVE
SIGNIFICANCE
INHIBITORS
PROMOTERS
POISONS
DEFINITION GENERAL PRINCIPLES
HISTORY
Raising the reaction temperature ultimately
imparts more energy to the reactants, creating a
TYPES
greater probability that more of them will be
GENERAL
energetic enough to traverse the barrier, and this
PRINCIPLES results in a faster rate.
TECHNICAL A catalyst does not change the energetic
PERSPECTIVE characteristics of the reactants and products and
the barriers between them. It instead finds an
SIGNIFICANCE alternate reaction pathway that bridges reactants
and products, and one that has lower (and thus
INHIBITORS easier-to-traverse) energy barriers.
PROMOTERS
POISONS
DEFINITION GENERAL PRINCIPLES
HISTORY
TYPES
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
TECHNICAL
PERSPECTIVE
SIGNIFICANCE
INHIBITORS
PROMOTERS
POISONS
DEFINITION TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVE
HISTORY
TYPES In the presence of a catalyst, less free energy is
required to reach the transition state, but the total
GENERAL free energy from reactants to products does not
PRINCIPLES change.
TECHNICAL A catalyst may participate in multiple chemical
PERSPECTIVE transformations.
SIGNIFICANCE
INHIBITORS
PROMOTERS
POISONS
DEFINITION TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVE
HISTORY
TYPES Catalyzed reactions have a lower activation
energy (rate-limiting free energy of activation)
GENERAL than the corresponding uncatalyzed reaction,
PRINCIPLES resulting in a higher reaction rate at the same
temperature and for the same reactant
TECHNICAL concentrations. However, the detailed mechanics
PERSPECTIVE
of catalysis is complex.
SIGNIFICANCE
INHIBITORS
PROMOTERS
POISONS
DEFINITION TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVE
HISTORY
Although catalysts are not consumed by the
reaction itself, they may be inhibited, deactivated,
TYPES
or destroyed by secondary processes.
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES In heterogeneous catalysis, typical secondary
processes include coking where the catalyst
TECHNICAL becomes covered by polymeric side products.
PERSPECTIVE
SIGNIFICANCE
INHIBITORS
PROMOTERS
POISONS
DEFINITION SIGNIFICANCE
HISTORY
USE AND IMPORTANCE
TYPES
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
TECHNICAL
PERSPECTIVE
SIGNIFICANCE
INHIBITORS
PROMOTERS
POISONS
DEFINITION INHIBITORS
HISTORY
Substances that reduce the action of
TYPES catalysts (reversible).
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Inhibitors are sometimes referred to as
"negative catalysts" since they decrease
TECHNICAL the reaction rate.
PERSPECTIVE
In the reduction of acetylene to ethylene, a
SIGNIFICANCE
palladium (Pd) catalyst partly "poisoned" with
lead(II) acetate (Pb(CH3COO)2) can be used.
INHIBITORS
Without the deactivation of the catalyst, the
PROMOTERS ethene produced will be further reduced to
ethane.
POISONS
DEFINITION POISONS
HISTORY
Substances that reduce the action of
TYPES catalysts (irreversible).
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
TECHNICAL
PERSPECTIVE
SIGNIFICANCE
INHIBITORS
PROMOTERS
POISONS
DEFINITION PROMOTERS
HISTORY
Promoters can cover up surface to
TYPES prevent production of a mat of coke, or
even actively remove such material
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
(e.g., rhenium on platinum in
platforming).
TECHNICAL
PERSPECTIVE
They can aid the dispersion of the
catalytic material or bind to reagents.
SIGNIFICANCE
INHIBITORS
PROMOTERS
POISONS
