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Introduction To Descriptive Statistics

This document introduces common approaches for describing data, including frequency distributions and measures of central tendency. It discusses how frequency distributions can be used to understand the data and how measures like the mode, median, and mean provide typical or central values for comparison. The mode is the most frequent value, the median splits the data in half, and the mean is the average. These statistical techniques are appropriate for different levels of measurement and can help summarize numeric or categorical data.

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Nashwa Saad
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220 views18 pages

Introduction To Descriptive Statistics

This document introduces common approaches for describing data, including frequency distributions and measures of central tendency. It discusses how frequency distributions can be used to understand the data and how measures like the mode, median, and mean provide typical or central values for comparison. The mode is the most frequent value, the median splits the data in half, and the mean is the average. These statistical techniques are appropriate for different levels of measurement and can help summarize numeric or categorical data.

Uploaded by

Nashwa Saad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Descriptive

Statistics
Approaches for Describing Data
Frequency
Distributions

Measures of Central
Tendencies
Frequency Distributions:

Understanding the SPSS Output


Navigator & the Results
Frequencies

N
s
g

a
u
uc
c
c
9
9
9 V
f
1
1
0 m
0
0 T
0 T
e

au
u
cc
c
8
4
5
5 V
2
5
5
5
0 3
3
8
0 T
M
S
5
2
M
2 T
5
8
0 T
n i

a
u
r
rr
uc
cc
1
3
3
3 V
W
9
7
7
9 L
4
5
5
5 A
A
2
3
3
7
I
1
6
6
4 N
1
6
6
0 O
8
0
0 T
8
0 T
e p

au l
r
r
ruc
c
ce
2
3
3
3 V
9
1
6
6
9 1
5
2
2
1 1
1
6
6
7 1
4
5
5
2 1
7
4
4
6 1
4
5
5
2 1
5
2
2
3 1
1
6
6
9 1
3
9
9
8 1
4
5
5
4 2
1
6
6
0 2
8
0
0 T
8
0 T
Measures of Central Tendencies
Tell us what is typical 3 Common MCT
in the data.
Mode
Help us to
summarize the data.
Median
Provide a reference
point for comparing Mean
groups within the
sample.
The Mode
The category in the frequency distribution
which contains the most cases.

The most frequently occurring event.

Appropriate for all variables regardless of


level of measurement.
Frequencies

N
a
osl
g

n d

au l
uc
c
c
0
9
9
9 V
f
8
1
1
0 m
8
0
0 T
0 T
8
Frequencies
i s

N
a
o sl
p
t
8
0
0
p
s

e p

mau l
l
r
r
ruc
c
cee
2
3
3
3 V
9
1
6
6
9 1
5
2
2
1 1
1
6
6
7 1
4
5
5
2 1
7
4
4
6 1
4
5
5
2 1
5
2
2
3 1
1
6
6
9 1
3
9
9
8 1
4
5
5
4 2
1
6
6
0 2
8
0
0 T
8
0 T
The Median
The point in the distribution above or below
which 50 percent of the observations occur.
The central point in the distribution.
The point that cuts the distribution in half.
Appropriate only for interval and ratio data.
Frequencies
i s

N
a
odsl
p
t
8
0
0
0
p
s

e p

au l
l
r
r
ruc
c
ce
2
3
3
3 V
9
1
6
6
9 1
5
2
2
1 1
1
6
6
7 1
4
5
5
2 1
7
4
4
6 1
4
5
5
2 1
5
2
2
3 1
1
6
6
9 1
3
9
9
8 1
4
5
5
4 2
1
6
6
0 2
8
0
0 T
8
0 T
Frequencies
i s

N
a
od
sl
U
8
0
0
0
M

d u

au
r
r
ruc
c
c
1
9
9
9 V
P
5
5
5
4 S
C
2
3
3
7
J
1
6
6
3 S
9
7
7
0 o
8
0
0 T
8
0 T
The Mean
The arithmetic average.

Calculated by summing all of the values


in a distribution and dividing by the total
number of cases.
Frequencies
i s

N
a
e
od
sla
p
t
8
0
7
0
0
p
s

e p

au l
l
r
r
ruc
c
ce
2
3
3
3 V
9
1
6
6
9 1
5
2
2
1 1
1
6
6
7 1
4
5
5
2 1
7
4
4
6 1
4
5
5
2 1
5
2
2
3 1
1
6
6
9 1
3
9
9
8 1
4
5
5
4 2
1
6
6
0 2
8
0
0 T
8
0 T
Frequencies
i s

N
a
e
od
s
0
6
0
0 C

au
ru
c
cc
2
9
9
9 V
C
1
9
9
8 A
5
2
2
0 U
8
0
0 T
8
0 T
Level of Measurement &
Descriptive Statistics
Nominal: FD & Mode
Ordinal: FD & Mode
Interval/Ratio: FD, Mean, Median, & Mode.

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