Department of Electrical Engineering
University College of Engineering & Technology
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
(EE-501)
Aims and Objectives
2
By the end of the course, you would have understood:
Basic Signal Analysis
Basic System Analysis
Time-Domain Analysis
Laplace Transform and Transfer Functions
Fourier Series and Fourier Transform
Sampling Theorem and Signal Reconstructions
Basic z-Transform
Books
1. Signal and Systems
by
A. V. Oppenheim
2. Signal and Systems
by
Schaums Outline Series
3. Lecture Slides
Introduction
4
What
is
Signal
Examples
Introduction
5
Example
Signals in an Electrical Circuit
R
vs + i C vc
-
Current Voltage
flowing in the across the
Resistor Capacitor
iR(t) Vc(t)
Introduction
6
What
is
System?
Input signal Output signal
System
x(t) y(t)
Introduction
7
vs + i C vc
-
Introduction
8
Medical
Remote Sensing
Classification of Signals
9
Signals may be classified into:
Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals
Analogue and Digital Signals
Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Energy and power signals
Deterministic and Probabilistic Signals
Causal and Non-Causal
Even and Odd Signals
Sinusoidal & Exponential Signals
Classification of Signals
10
Continuous-Time & Discrete-Time Signals
x(t)
x[n]
t n
Parentheses () Brackets []
Denote by x(t), where the time Denote by x[n], where n is an
interval may be bounded (finite) integer value that varies discretely
or infinite
Some real world and many digital
Most signals in the real world are signals are discrete time, E.g. pixels,
continuous time, Eg. voltage, daily stock price, Yearly Population,
velocity,
Classification of Signals
11
Discrete-Time Signals
A discrete-time signal x[n] may be obtained by sampling continuous-
time signal x(t).
Sampling Interval
Samples
Sampling Interval
where t = nTs
Integer
Classification of Signals
12
Analog Signals & Digital Signals
If a continuous-time signal x(t) can take If a discrete-time signal x[n] can
on any value in the continuous interval take on only a finite number of
(a, b), then the continuous-time signal distinct values, then we call this
x(t) is called an analog signal. signal a digital signal.
When the sample values of
discrete signal are quantized,
it becomes digital signal.
Classification of Signals
13
Even & Odd Signals
x(-t) = x(t) for all t x(-t) = -x(t) for all t
x[-n] = x[n] for all n x[-n] = -x[n] for all n
x(t) x(t)
symmetric around t = 0 anti-symmetric around t = 0
Classification of Signals
14
Even & Odd Signals
Any signal x(t) or x[n] can be expressed as a sum of two signals, one of which
is even and one of which is odd.
Classification of Signals
15
Periodic and Non-Periodic Signals
A signal is periodic if for some A signal is aperiodic/non-periodic if
positive constant T it is not periodic
x(t + T ) = x ( t ) x(t + T ) x ( t )
The smallest value of T for which Aperiodic signal does not repeat
this holds is the period itself
A periodic signal repeats itself A non-periodic signal is assumed to
after every T period. have a period T =
Classification of Signals
16
Periodic and Non-Periodic Signals
x[n+N] = x[n] x[n+N] x[n]
If N is the period of x[n], then x[n]
= x[n+mN] where m=0,1,2
The fundamental period N0 of x[n]
is the smallest possible value of N.
Classification of Signals
17
Only if the ratio of the periods can be
expressed as a Rational Number
Classification of Signals
18
Energy & Power Signals
For Energy signals For power signals
0<E< and P =0 0<P< and E =
Signal energy of a signal is defined as the area Average power of the signal is given by
under the square of the magnitude of the signal.
For a periodic signal x(t) the average signal
The units of signal energy depends on the unit of
power is
the signal.
T is any period of the signal.
Periodic signals are generally power signals.
Classification of Signals
19
Random Signals
Two ways to describe the randomness of the signal are:
Entropy:
This is the natural meaning and mostly used in system performance
measurement.
Correlation:
This is useful in signal processing by directly using correlation functions.
cannot be described by a mathematical equation
they are modeled in probabilistic terms
Classification of Signals
20
Causal, Anti-Causal & Non-Causal Signals
Signal that are zero for Signals that are zero for A non-causal signal is one
all negative time all positive value that has non zero values in
both positive and negative
time
Classification of Signals
21
Sinusoidal & Exponential Signals
x(t) = cos(2f t + ) A generic complex exponential signal
= cos(t + ) (continuous time) is of the form:
x[n] = cos(2fn + )
= cos(n + ) (discrete time)
where C and a are, in general, complex
numbers.
Exponential and sinusoidal signals are characteristic of real-world signals and also
from a basis (a building block) for other signals.
22
Real Exponential Signals
Exponential Growth Exponential Decay
Operations of Signals
23
Different operations are required for different purposes of arbitrary
signals.
The operations on signals can be
Time Shifting :Move of time from one period to another.
Time Scaling
Time Inversion or Time Folding
Time Shifting
24
Time Scaling
25
For the given function x(t), x(at) is
the time scaled version of x(t)
Given x(t) and we are to find y(t) = x(2t).
For a 1,period of function x(t) reduces
and function speeds up. Graph of the
function shrinks.
For a 1, the period of the x(t) increases
and the function slows down. Graph of
the function expands
Time Scaling
26
Given y(t),
find
w(t) = y(3t)
and
v(t) = y(t/3).
Some values of the signal y[n]
are lost.
The scaling factor k = 2, every
second value of x[n] is lost
in y[n].
Time Reversal
27
Time reversal is also called time folding
Typical Signals/Waveforms
28
The Sinusoid
The unit Step function
The Signum Function
The Pulse
The unit impulse
Typical Signals/Waveforms
29
The Sinusoid
where the constant A is called amplitude
of sinusoid, the constant w is called the
(angular) frequency (measured in
radians per second), and the constant
is called phase
Typical Signals/Waveforms
30
The Unit Step Function
The unit step function denoted by u(t) and is defined by
u(t-t0)
u(t)
1
1
t
t
The unit step function u(.) The delayed unit step function
Typical Signals/Waveforms
31
The Signum Function
The Signum function denoted by sgn(t) and is defined by
sgn(t)
1
t
-1
The signum function, is closely related to the unit-step function.
Typical Signals/Waveforms
32
The Pulse
Rectangular Pulse/Gate Function
The area under an impulse is
called its strength or weight.
It is represented graphically
by a vertical arrow. An
impulse with a strength of one
is called a unit impulse.
0
t
Typical Signals/Waveforms
33
Unit impulse Function
Unit Impulse/ Dirac delta Function
(t)
In general, for a unit impulse at an arbitrary
point t0,
0 t
Unit impulse function is the derivative
of the unit step
Properties of the Impulse Function
34
The Sampling Property
The Scaling Property
The Replication Property
g(t) (t) = g (t)
Unit Impulse Train
35
The unit impulse train is a sum of infinitely uniformly-
spaced impulses and is given by
Typical Signals/Waveforms
36
Ramp, Triangle
Unit Ramp Function Unit Triangle Function
tri(t)
r(t) 1
1
-1 1 t
0 1 t The unit triangle is related to the unit rectangle
through an operation called convolution.
Typical Signals/Waveforms
37
Sinc Function
