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NoSQL
W2013
CSCI 2141
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OLTP vs. OLAP
We can divide IT systems into transactional (OLTP) and
analytical (OLAP). In general we can assume that OLTP
systems provide source data to data warehouses, whereas
OLAP systems help to analyze it
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Challenges of Scale Differ
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A Comparison of SQL and NoSQL Databases
Slides from: Keith W. Hare
Metadata Open Forum
More reading: http://martinfowler.com/articles/nosqlKeyPoints.html
Metadata Open Forum
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Abstract
NoSQL databases (either no-SQL or Not Only SQL) are currently a
hot topic in some parts of computing. In fact, one website lists over
a hundred different NoSQL databases.
This presentation reviews the features common to the NoSQL
databases and compares those features to the features and
capabilities of SQL databases.
BIG DATA!
6 25 December 2017
7 25 December 2017
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SQL Characteristics
Data stored in columns and tables
Relationships represented by data
Data Manipulation Language
Data Definition Language
Transactions
Abstraction from physical layer
8 25 December 2017
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SQL Physical Layer Abstraction
Applications specify what, not how
Query optimization engine
Physical layer can change without modifying
applications
Create indexes to support queries
In Memory databases
9 25 December 2017
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Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Data manipulated with Select, Insert, Update, & Delete
statements
Select T1.Column1, T2.Column2 …
From Table1, Table2 …
Where T1.Column1 = T2.Column1 …
Data Aggregation
Compound statements
Functions and Procedures
Explicit transaction control
10 25 December 2017
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Data Definition Language
Schema defined at the start
Create Table (Column1 Datatype1, Column2 Datatype 2, …)
Constraints to define and enforce relationships
Primary Key
Foreign Key
Etc.
Triggers to respond to Insert, Update , & Delete
Stored Modules
Alter …
Drop …
Security and Access Control
11 25 December 2017
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Transactions – ACID Properties
Atomic– All of the work in a transaction completes
(commit) or none of it completes
Consistent
– A transaction transforms the database
from one consistent state to another consistent state.
Consistency is defined in terms of constraints.
Isolated– The results of any changes made during a
transaction are not visible until the transaction has
committed.
Durable – The results of a committed transaction
survive failures
12 25 December 2017
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NewSQL: more OLTP throughput,
real-time analytics
) SQL as the primary mechanism for application interaction
2) ACID support for transactions
3) A non-locking concurrency control mechanism so real-
time reads will not conflict with writes, and thereby cause
them to stall.
4) An architecture providing much higher per-node
performance than available from the traditional "elephants”
5) A scale-out, shared-nothing architecture, capable of
running on a large number of nodes without bottlenecking
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NoSQL Definition
From www.nosql-database.org:
Next Generation Databases mostly addressing some
of the points: being non-relational, distributed, open-
source and horizontal scalable. The original intention
has been modern web-scale databases. The
movement began early 2009 and is growing rapidly.
Often more characteristics apply as: schema-free,
easy replication support, simple API, eventually
consistent / BASE (not ACID), a huge data amount,
and more.
14 25 December 2017
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NoSQL Products/Projects
http://www.nosql-database.org/
lists 122 NoSQL Databases
Cassandra
CouchDB
Hadoop & Hbase
MongoDB
StupidDB
Etc.
15 25 December 2017
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NoSQL Products/Projects
http://www.nosql-database.org/
lists 122 NoSQL Databases
Cassandra
CouchDB
Hadoop & Hbase
MongoDB
StupidDB
Etc.
16 25 December 2017
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NoSQL Distinguishing Characteristics
Large data volumes Asynchronous
Google’s “big data” Inserts & Updates
Scalable replication Schema-less
and distribution
Potentially thousands ACID transaction
of machines properties are not
Potentially distributed
around the world needed – BASE
Queries need to CAP Theorem
return answers
quickly Open source
development
Mostly query, few
updates
25 December 2017
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BASE Transactions
Acronym contrived to be the opposite of ACID
Basically Available,
Soft state,
Eventually Consistent
Characteristics
Weak consistency – stale data OK
Availability first
Best effort
Approximate answers OK
Aggressive (optimistic)
Simpler and faster
18 25 December 2017
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Brewer’s CAP Theorem
A distributed system can support only two of the
following characteristics:
Consistency
Availability
Partition tolerance
19 25 December 2017
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NoSQL Database Types
Discussing NoSQL databases is complicated
because there are a variety of types:
Column Store – Each storage block contains
data from only one column
Document Store – stores documents made up
of tagged elements
Key-Value Store – Hash table of keys
21 25 December 2017
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Other Non-SQL Databases
XML Databases
Graph Databases
Codasyl Databases
Object Oriented Databases
Etc…
Will not address these today
22 25 December 2017
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Storing and Modifying Data
Syntax varies
HTML
Java Script
Etc.
Asynchronous – Inserts and updates do not wait
for confirmation
Versioned
Optimistic Concurrency
25 25 December 2017
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Retrieving Data
Syntax Varies
No set-based query language
Procedural program languages such as Java, C, etc.
Application specifies retrieval path
No query optimizer
Quick answer is important
May not be a single “right” answer
26 25 December 2017
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Open Source
Small upfront software costs
Suitable for large scale distribution on commodity hardware
27 25 December 2017
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NoSQL Summary
NoSQL databases reject:
Overhead of ACID transactions
“Complexity” of SQL
Burden of up-front schema design
Declarative query expression
Yesterday’s technology
Programmer responsible for
Step-by-stepprocedural language
Navigating access path
28 25 December 2017
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Summary
SQL Databases
Predefined Schema
Standard definition and interface language
Tight consistency
Well defined semantics
NoSQL Database
No predefined Schema
Per-product definition and interface language
Getting an answer quickly is more important than
getting a correct answer
29 25 December 2017
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Web References
“NoSQL -- Your Ultimate Guide to the Non - Relational Universe!”
http://nosql-database.org/links.html
“NoSQL (RDBMS)”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL
PODC Keynote, July 19, 2000. Towards Robust. Distributed Systems. Dr.
Eric A. Brewer. Professor, UC Berkeley. Co-Founder & Chief Scientist,
Inktomi .
www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~brewer/cs262b-2004/PODC-keynote.pdf
“Brewer's CAP Theorem” posted by Julian Browne, January 11, 2009.
http://www.julianbrowne.com/article/viewer/brewers-cap-theorem
“How to write a CV” Geek & Poke Cartoon
http://geekandpoke.typepad.com/geekandpoke/2011/01/nosql.html
30 25 December 2017
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Web References
“Exploring CouchDB: A document-oriented database for Web
applications”, Joe Lennon, Software developer, Core
International.
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/library/os-
couchdb/index.html
“Graph Databases, NOSQL and Neo4j” Posted by Peter
Neubauer on May 12, 2010 at:
http://www.infoq.com/articles/graph-nosql-neo4j
“Cassandra vs MongoDB vs CouchDB vs Redis vs Riak vs
HBase comparison”, Kristóf Kovács.
http://kkovacs.eu/cassandra-vs-mongodb-vs-couchdb-vs-redis
“Distinguishing Two Major Types of Column-Stores” Posted by
Daniel Abadi onMarch 29, 2010
http://dbmsmusings.blogspot.com/2010/03/distinguishing-two-
major-types-of_29.html
31 25 December 2017
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Web References
“MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large
Clusters”, Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat, December
2004.
http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html
SQL”, ACM Queue, Michael Rys, April 19, 2011
“Scalable
http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1971597
“apractical guide to noSQL”, Posted by Denise Miura on
March 17, 2011 at
http://blogs.marklogic.com/2011/03/17/a-practical-guide-
to-nosql/
32 25 December 2017
