Articles
a, an, the
A and an ~ means one a ~ used for singular
~ used with countable nouns begin with a
consonant sound
nouns
a lion a boat
~ used to talk about
an ~ used for singular
just one member in that nouns that begin with a
group vowel sound (a, e, i, o,
u)
an owl an arrow
Singular and Plural Nouns
1. adding ‘s’
eraser – erasers vase - vases
house – houses tree - trees
day – days umbrella - umbrellas
key – keys photo – photos
2. adding ‘es’
box – boxes fox - foxes
torch – torches brush – brushes
glass – glasses
potato – potatoes tomato - tomatoes
Singular and Plural Nouns
3. Changing ‘y’ to ‘ies’
baby – babies ferry - ferries
lorry – lorries cherry - cherries
dairy – dairies story – stories
4. Changing ‘f’ or ‘fe’ to ‘ves’
calf – calves shelf - shelves
knife – knives wife - wives
leaf – leaves loaf – loaves
Singular and Plural Nouns
5. Changing the vowels for irregular nouns
tooth – teeth louse - lice
foot – feet mouse - mice
goose – geese woman – women
6. Irregular plurals
child – children ox – oxen
cactus – cacti
SINGULAR AND PLURAL
Some singular and plural nouns have the same form
E.g.
one sheep – many sheep
one deer – many deer
one fish – many fish
Personal Pronouns
Nouns Pronouns Pronouns
(as subject) (as object)
- I me
Maria She Her
Azhan He Him
- You You
The cat It It
(The chair)
Personal Pronouns
Nouns Pronouns Pronouns
(as subject) (as object)
Maria and They Them
Azhan
The boys/ girls They Them
The trees/ They Them
the cats
Maria and I We us
Pronouns
Possessives Possessive Reflexive
adjective pronoun pronoun
My Mine Myself
His His Himself
her Hers Herself
Its - itself
Pronouns
Possessives Possessive Reflexive
adjective pronoun pronoun
Your Yours Yourselves
Our ours Ourselves
Their Theirs themselves
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative Number What it points to
pronoun
This Singular A person or thing that is
near us
These Plural Two or more people or
things that are near us
That Singular A person or thing that is
far away
Those Plural Two or more people or
things that are far away
Prepositions
Preposition are used to in the cage
show position. on the table
above the door
under the chair
beside the road
lean against the wall
among the bushes
at the bus stop
between the houses
in front of the class
below the fan
Prepositions
Prepositions of to the car
Direction~(Arah) from the park
up the hill
down the stairs
across the bridge
over the fence
through the tunnel
along the road
around the playground
into the shop
towards the canteen
Prepositions
Prepositions of time ~ in the morning
(masa) in January
on Tuesday
on your birthday
at 3 o’clock
at night
at noon
for a month
for ten minutes
for two years
Prepositions
Prepositions of time ~ since yesterday
(masa) since last week
until 6.00 p.m.
until 2012
during the holidays
during dinner
before/after breakfast
before/after 3 o’clock
by Friday
by tomorrow
Preposition also used with
certain * verbs (perbuatan)
agree to/with believe in
apply to/for borrow from
ask for/about compare with/to
complain about hope for
think about/of
Preposition also used with
certain * adjectives (adjektif)
angry with
safe from
ashamed of
sorry for
aware of
scared of
interested in
tired of
used to
The Simple Present Tense : CLUE
Every day Daily
Every week Weekly
Every month Monthly
Every year Yearly
Every night Annually
Every evening Fortnightly
Every morning
THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE :
CLUE
Always
Usually
Often
Sometimes
Normally
Never
A) Singular subject
He Verb ~ s
She plays
It reads
My brother walks
Sarah goes
Alif’s sister does
The cat has
The woman is
B) Plural subject
Verb no ~ s
I plan
You study
We arrange
They hold
Janet and Jennifer do
My friends have
The children are
The durians
D) IN QUESTION~ VERB IN ROOT
WORD
e.g. Does she ______ to the school by
bicycle every day?
A go
B goes
C went
D going
E) INSTRUCTION/ ORDER/ WARNING
~ usually in simple present tense
e.g. Switch on the fan.
Please keep quiet.
The Simple Past Tense : Clue
Yesterday A few days ago
Just now A few minutes ago
Ago A moment ago
Last week Two weeks ago
Last month Recently
Last year Those days
Last Monday morning
This morning
Rules of Simple Past Tense
Regular verbs – the verbs end in ‘d’ or ‘ed’.
Example: talk – talked
jump – jumped
Irregular verbs – the verbs change form
Example: go - went
buy - bought
catch - caught
Rules of Simple Past Tense
Did is the past tense of do / does
Did he _________to school yesterday?
A drive
B drives
C drove
D driving
A The Present Continuous Tense
B The Past Continuous Tense
The Continuous Tense
Verb + ing
Present Tense
am, is, are
Examples: now
swimming at this moment
reading
teaching Past Tense
writing was, were
enjoying while, when, as
Singular subject
Present Past Verb + ing
reading
•I am was
drawing
walking
doing
buying
Singular subject
Present Past Verb+ing
He
She reading
It
Munif drawing
Sarah is was walking
The girl sweeping
The boy
My uncle buying
The rabbit sleeping
Pn Suhaila
Plural subject
Present Past Verb+ing
• You
• We reading
• They drawing
are were walking
• The children
sweeping
• The lions
sleeping
The Simple Future Tense : Clue
shall
tomorrow will
afterwards going to
next week
tonight After will, shall, going
later to – root words.
soon
The Simple Future Tense : Clue
shall walk
I shall finish
shall attend
will go
We
will buy
will choose
The Simple Future Tense : Clue
He
She will go
It will do
You will swim
They
Subject Verb Agreement
Singular subject + singular verb
He is
She has
It does
My brother sleeps
Sarah
The cat was
Singular subject + singular verb
He/ she/ it is
Farah/ Azmir/ the lion was
One boy has/ had
A girl writes
A man goes
does/ did
My uncle
works
His aunt
likes
The baby
Singular subject + singular verb
is
Everyone
has
Every boy
does
Everybody
collects
Everything
Something
was
Someone
Somebody
Each + noun
Every + noun
Singular subject + singular verb
Each pupil has
Each of the girls goes
Each of the boys does
One of the girls cycles
Any of the boys knows
Anyone who bites
Anybody thinks
Some one who runs
Nobody plays
No one sings
Not one of them reads
Uncountable nouns take a singular verb
hair, grass, Singular verb-to-be
rice, powder, is
juice, syrup, was
flour, sugar
oil, soup,
salt, pepper
money, water
sand, dust
Plural subject + plural verb
You
We are
They were
The lions have
Lizzie and Chris do
The women
Many people knock
Both of the girls jump
Some of the pupils
Most of the children
My mother and I
She and her friend
Either and neither take a singular verb
is
Either of the girls was
Neither of the boys has
Either this man or that man
does
runs
Neither Maria nor Azlina
sings
Neither you nor he
sleeps
Adjectives
Clue:
………. as brave as a lion.
………. happier than ………
………. faster than ………..
…… more expensive than my house.
The largest …………
The strongest …………
The most beautiful ………
Adverbs
Verb Adverb
Act Quickly
Answer Correctly, clearly, rudely
Ask Nicely, humbly, politely
Accept Readily, gratefully
Arrive Safely
Arrange Neatly, nicely
Bark Loudly, fiercely, joyfully
Bleed Profusely, badly
Adverbs
Verb Adverb
Blow Gently, strongly,
Bow Humbly, respectfully
Clap Loudly, joyfully, excitedly
Cry Bitterly, sadly, softly, loudly
Cheer Loudly, joyfully
Dance Gracefully, beautifully, stylishly
Drive Carefully, carelessly, slowly,
recklessly, dangerously, cautiously
Dress Smartly, sloppily, shabbily
Verb Adverb
Eat Hungrily, greedily
Explain Clearly, briefly, patiently
Fight Bravely, furiously
Give Generously, kindly, willingly
Greet Cheerfully, loudly, politely
Laugh Heartily, happily, loudly
Listen Carefully, attentively, intently
Look Shyly, longingly, lovingly
Run Fast, quickly, slowly
Verb Adverb
Read Carefully, silently, loudly, quietly
Shout Angrily, loudly, joyfully
Sleep Soundly, lightly
Smile Kindly, shyly, broadly, sweetly
Speak Boastfully, politely, kindly, clearly
Spend thriftily
Sing Softly, sweetly, happily
Wait Patiently, anxiously
Walk Hurriedly, slowly, briskly
Work Slowly, willingly, hard
Infinitive
After the word to the verb must be in
root word (kata dasar).
e.g
1. The doctor told her to stay in bed for
a week.
2. It is difficult to catch a crocodile.
3. My aunt teaches me how to make
egg tart.
Modals
will would
shall should
can could
may might
must ought to
CLUE
After modals the verb must be in
root word.
Countable
apple, bag, pencil, cup,
tiger, rose, ruler,
buffalo, day, letter,
many banyak shirt, hour, minute, etc.
several beberapa
a few sedikit Examples:
There are many boys
some sebahagian at the bus stop.
a lot of sangat banyak Amir met a few friends.
Uncountable
oil, water, perfume, air,
sugar, salt, smoke, coffee,
much tea, rice, grass, juice,
a little banyak syrup, sauce, flour, etc.
a lot of sedikit
some sangat banyak Examples:
Don't put too much sugar
any sebahagian
in my coffee.
Add a little salt to the
soup.
A lot of dust has gathered
on the desk.
Uncountable
Example:
There isn’t ______sugar left in the jar.
A some C much
B many D any
►negative statement (sentence with not) usually the
answer will be any
Question words
What ~ (apa) What is your name?
To ask about people, What did you do to my car?
animals, things
When ~ (bila) When is the train arriving?
To as about time When did you go to
Singapore?
Why ~ (kenapa) Why did the man shout at
To ask about reason you?
Why is the baby crying?
Where ~ (dimana) Where is the museum?
To ask about places. Where do you live?
Question words
How (bagaimana/berapa) How old are you?
To ask about people, How did the accident happen?
events and the way things
are done.
Whose ~ (siapa punya) Whose bag is on the floor?
To ask about belongings. Whose children are they?
Which (yang mana satu) Which girl won the first prize?
To ask about people, Which dog chased you?
animals, and things.
Who ~ (siapa) Who is that lady?
To ask about people Who did you talk to?
Conjunction
is a linking or joining words
we use conjunctions to connect words, groups of
words, clauses or sentences
Conjunction
And But
Or If
So Because
As Although
Either ………..or Neither …….....nor
Therefore Moreover
However Furthermore
Even though
