Global Positioning System
By- Chintan Jethva
Sarosh
What is GPS?
GPS, which stands for Global Positioning
System, is the only system today able to
show you your exact position on the Earth
anytime, in any weather, anywhere.
The three parts of GPS are:
Satellites
Receivers
Software
History of the GPS
1969—Defense Navigation Satellite
System (DNSS) formed
1973—NAVSTAR Global Positioning
System developed
1978—first 4 satellites
launched
Delta rocket launch
History of the GPS
1993—24th satellite
launched; initial
operational capability
1995—full operational
capability
May 2000—Military
accuracy available to
all users
Over View:
GPS units are made
to communicate
with GPS satellites
(which have a much
better view of the
Earth) to find out
exactly where they
are on the global
scale of things.
Basics of GPS
A GPS receiver calculates its position by
precisely timing the signals sent by
GPS satellite
the time the message was transmitted
Time Difference
The GPS receiver
compares the time a
signal was transmitted
by a satellite with the
time it was received.
The time difference
tells the GPS receiver
how far away the
satellite is.
Calculating Distance
Velocity x Time = Distance
Radio waves travel at the speed of light, roughly 186,000
miles per second (mps)
Ifit took 0.06 seconds to receive a signal transmitted by a
satellite floating directly overhead, use this formula to find
your distance from the satellite.
186,000 mps x 0.06 seconds = 11,160 miles
Three Segments of GPS:
Space Segment(SS)
Control Segment(CS)
User Segment(US)
Space Segment
24 satellite vehicles
Six orbital planes
Inclined 55o with respect to
equator
Orbits separated by 60 o
20,200 km elevation above
Earth
Orbital period of 11 hr 55 min
Five to eight satellites visible
from any point on Earth
Control Segment
The control segment is composed of:
1) a master control station (MCS)
2) an alternate master control station
3) four dedicated ground antennas
4) six dedicated monitor stations.
Control Segment
Ground control segment
Master control station Location:
Schriever Air Force Base
25 km (16 miles) ESE of Colorado Springs,
Five monitor stations
Hawaii, Kwajalein, Ascension Island, Diego
Garcia, Colorado Springs.
Backup control system
GPS Ground Control Stations
Components of the System
User segment
GPS antennas & receiver/processors
Position
Velocity
Precise timing
Used by
Aircraft
Ground vehicles
Ships
Individuals
Triangulation
Geometric Principle:
You can find one
location if you know
its distance from
other, already-
known locations.
from other, already-
known locations.
Triangulation
Triangulation
1 Satellite
Triangulation
2 Satellites
3 Satellites
Gps Recievers
Basics of a Gps receiver:
GPS receivers are composed of
an antenna, tuned to the frequencies
transmitted by the satellites, receiver-
processors, and a highly stable clock (often
a crystal oscillator).
GPS receivers come in a variety of
formats, from devices integrated into
cars, phones, and watches, to
dedicated devices such as those
shown here from
manufacturers Trimble, Garmin and
Leica
(left to right).
Communication:
The navigational signals transmitted by
GPS satellites encode a variety of
information including satellite positions,
the state of the internal clocks, and the
health of the network. These signals are
transmitted on two separate carrier
frequencies that are common to all
satellites in the network. Two different
encodings are used, a public encoding
that enables lower resolution navigation,
and an encrypted encoding used by the
military.
Message format
•Bit Rate: 50 bits per second
•Complete Message: 30-second
frames(1500 bits of information)
•Sub Frame:5 sub frame per frame (6
seconds each)
Subframe : Is divided in to 10
sections of 0.6 seconds and 30 bits of
information
The first part: Encodes the
week number and the time GPS message format
within the week, as well as the Subframes Description
data about the health of the Satellite clock,
satellite. 1 GPS time
relationship
The second : The ephemeris,
provides the precise orbit for Ephemeris
2–3 (precise satellite
the satellite. orbit)
The last part : The almanac,
Almanac component
contains coarse orbit and (satellite network
status information for all 4–5
synopsys,
satellites in the network as well error correction)
as data related to error
correction.
GPS Satellite Vehicle
Four atomic clocks
Three nickel-cadmium
batteries
Two solar panels
Battery charging
Power generation
1136 watts
S band antenna—satellite
control
12 element L band antenna—
user communication
GPS Satellite Vehicle
Weight
2370 pounds
Height
16.25 feet
Width
38.025 feet including
wing span
Design life—10 years
GPS Communication and Control
Differential Correction
Differential correction
is a technique that
greatly increases the
accuracy of the
collected GPS data. It
involves using a
receiver at a known
location - the "base
station“- and
comparing that data
with GPS positions
collected from
unknown locations
with "roving
receivers."
Application of GPS Technology
Private and recreation
Traveling by car
Hiking, climbing, biking
Vehicle control
Mapping, survey, geology
Agriculture
Aviation
General and commercial
Spacecraft
Military Uses for the GPS
Operation Desert Storm
Featureless terrain
Foot soldiers
Vehicles
Aircraft
Marine vessels
GPS Navigation
