Slide 2.
Formulating and clarifying the research topic
By Tayyeb Kamboh
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.2
Formulating and clarifying your research topic
The important steps
• Identifying the attributes of a good research topic
• Generating ideas that help you select a suitable
topic
• Turning ideas into clear research questions and
objectives
• Writing your research proposal
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.3
Attributes of a good research topic (1)
Capability: is it feasible?
• Are you fascinated by the topic?
• Do you have the necessary research skills?
• Can you complete the project in the time available?
• Will the research still be current when you finish?
• Do you have sufficient financial and other resources?
• Will you be able to gain access to data?
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.4
Attributes of a good research topic (2)
Appropriateness: is it worthwhile?
• Will the examining institute's standards be met?
• Does the topic contain issues with clear links to theory?
• Are the research questions and objectives clearly stated?
• Will the proposed research provide fresh insights into the
topic?
• Are the findings likely to be symmetrical?
• Does the research topic match your career goals?
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.5
Attributes of a good research topic (3)
And - (if relevant)
Does the topic relate clearly to an idea
you were given -
possibly by your organisation ?
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.6
Generating research ideas
Useful Techniques
Rational thinking Creative thinking
Searching the literature Scanning the media
Brainstorming Relevance Trees
Exploring past projects Discussion
Keeping an ideas notebook
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.7
Rational thinking
• Examining your own strengths and interests
• Looking at past project titles
• Discussion
• Searching the literature
• Scanning the media
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.8
Creative thinking
• Keeping a notebook of ideas
• Exploring personal preferences using past projects
• Relevance trees
• Brainstorming
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.9
Rational thinking and creative thinking
• These techniques will generate possible project one of two outcomes:
• One or more possible project ideas that you might undertake;
• Absolute panic because nothing in which you are interested or which
seems suitable has come to mind.
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.10
Examining own strengths and interests
• Having some academic knowledge
• Look at those assignments for which you have received good grade.
• You may, as part of your reading, be able to focus more precisely on
the sort of ideas about which you wish to conduct your research
• There is a need to think about your future
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.11
Looking at past project title
• Dissertations;
• Theses.
Scan your university’s list of past project titles for
anything that captures your imagination
• Scanning actual research projects.
You need to beware. The fact that a project is in your
library is no guarantee of the quality of the arguments
and observations it contains.
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.12
Discussion
• Colleagues, friends, university tutors, practitioner and professional
groups
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.13
Searching the literature
• As part of your discussions, relevant literature may
also be suggested. Sharp et al, (2002) discuss types
of literature that are of particular use for generating
research ideas. These include:
• Article in academic and professional journals;
• Reports;
• Books.
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.14
Scanning the media
• Keeping up to date with items in the news can be a very rich source
of ideas
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.15
Keeping a notebook of ideas
• One of the more creative techniques that we all use is to keep a
notebook of ideas. All this involves is simply noting down any
interesting research ideas as you think of them and, of equal
importance, what sparked off your thought. You can then pursue the
idea using more rational thinking technique later.
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.16
Exploring personal preferences using past
project
1. Select six projects that you like
2. For each of these six projects, note down your first
thoughts in response to three questions(if responses
for different projects are the same this does not
matter);
• What appeals to you about the project?
• What is good about the project?
• Why is the project good?
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.17
Relevance tree
• You start with a broad concept from which you
generate further (usually more specific) topics. Each
of these topics forms a separate branch from which
you can generate further, more detailed sub
branches. As you proceed down the sub branches
more ideas are generated and recorded. These can
then be examined and a number selected and
combined to provide a research idea
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.18
Brainstorming
• Define your problem – that is, the sorts of ideas you are interested in –
as precisely as possible.
• Ask for suggestions, relating to the problem
• Record all suggestions, observing the following rules:
No suggestion should be criticized or evaluated in any way before all
ideas have been considered;
All suggestions, however wild, should be recorded and considered
As many suggestions as possible should be recorded.
• Review all the suggestions and explore what is meant by each.
• Analyze the list of suggestions and decide which appeal to you most as
research ideas why.
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.19
Refining research ideas
• Using the Delphi Technique
• Conducting a preliminary study
• Continually testing out your ideas
• Integrating ideas
• Refining topics given to you by your organisation
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.20
The Delphi technique
This involves using a group of people who are either
involved or interested in the research idea to generate and
choose a more specific research idea. To use this technique
you need:
1. To brief the members of the group about the research
idea;
2. At the end of the briefing to encourage group members to
seek clarification and more information as appropriate;
3. To ask each member of the group including the originator
of the research ideas based on the idea that has been
described (justification)
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.21
The Delphi technique
5. To collect the research ideas in unedited and non-
attributable form and to distribute them to all members
of the group;
6. A second cycle of the process (steps 2 to 4)in which
comment on the research ideas and revise their own
contributions in the light of what others have said;
7. Subsequence cycles of the process until a consensus is
reached . These either follow a similar pattern (steps 2 to
4)in or use discussion. Voting or some other method.
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.22
Writing research questions
Write research questions that are
• Consistent with expected standards
• Able to produce clear conclusions
• At the right level ( not too difficult )
• Not too descriptive
Clough and Nutbrown (2002)
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.23
Turning ideas into research projects (1)
Examples of research ideas
and their derived focus questions
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.24
Turning ideas into research projects (2)
Useful techniques
• Start with a general focus question
• Discuss areas of interest with your tutor
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.25
Turning ideas into research projects (3)
Writing clear research objectives
• Check your examining body’s preferences for
stated objectives
• Use a general focus question to achieve precise
objectives
Saunders et al. (2009)
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.26
Turning ideas into research projects (4)
Include SMART Personal objectives
Specific: What precisely do you hope to achieve from undertaking the
research?
Measurable: What measures will you use to determine whether you
have achieved your objectives
Achievable: Are the targets you have set for yourself achievable given
all the possible constraints?
Realistic: Given all other demands upon your time, will you have the
time and energy to complete the research on time?
Timely: Will you have time to accomplish all your objectives?
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.27
The importance of theory
• Asking for opinions and gathering facts – 'what' questions
• Using questions that go beyond description and require
analysis – 'why' questions
Phillips and Pugh (2005)
In order to:
Explain phenomena Analyse relationships
Predict outcomes Compare and generalise
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.28
Theory
• “ A formulation regarding the cause and effect relationship between
two or more variables, which may or may not have been tested”
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.29
Deductive approach and inductive approach
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.30
Writing your research proposal
Purposes of the research proposal
• To organise your ideas
• To convince your audience
• To contract with your client (your tutor)
• To meet ethical requirements
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.31
Content of your research proposal (1)
• Title - likely to change during the process
• Background - context within the literature
• Research questions and objectives - what you seek
to achieve
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 2.32
Content of your research proposal (2)
• Method - can be in two parts: research design and
data collection
• Timescale and Resources - (finance, data access,
equipment)
• References - include some key literature sources
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
