Defining Classes

and Methods
Chapter 5

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Objectives

• Describe concepts of class, class object

• Create class objects
• Define a Java class, its methods
• Describe use of parameters in a method
• Use modifiers public, private
• Define accessor, mutator class methods
• Describe information hiding, encapsulation
• Write method pre- and postconditions

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Objectives
• Describe purpose of javadoc
• Draw simple UML diagrams
• Describe references, variables, parameters of a class type

equals
• Define boolean-valued methods such as

• In applets use class Graphics, labels, init method

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Class and Method Definitions:
Outline
• Class Files and Separate Compilation
• Instance Variables
• Methods
• The Keyword this
• Local Variables
• Blocks
• Parameters of a Primitive Type

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Class and Method Definitions

• Java program consists of objects

• Objects of class types
• Objects that interact with one another
• Program objects can represent
• Objects in real world
• Abstraction
• an object is a thing, both tangible and intangible ( Student, Room,
Floor, Subject.)
• An object is comprised of data and operations that manipulate these
data.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Class and Method Definitions

• UML, which stands for Unified Modeling Language.

• Figure 5.1 A class as a blueprint

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Class and Method Definitions
• Figure 5.1 ctd.

Objects that are

instantiations of the
class Automobile
JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Class and Method Definitions

• A class is a kind of mold or template that dictates what objects can

and cannot do. An object is called an instance of a class. An object is
an instance of exactly one class.
• Figure 5.2 A class outline as a UML class diagram

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Class Files and Separate Compilation

• Each Java class definition usually in a file by itself

• File begins with name of the class
• Ends with . java
• Class can be compiled separately
• Helpful to keep all class files used by a program in the same directory

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Dog class and Instance Variables

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Dog class and Instance Variables
• View sample program, listing 5.1
class Dog
• Note class has
• Three pieces of data (instance variables)
• Two behaviors
• Each instance of this type has its own copies of the data items
• Use of public
• No restrictions on how variables used
• Later will replace with private

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Using a Class and Its Methods

• View sample program, listing 5.2

class DogDemo

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Messages and Methods

• Message
• Method
• class and instance methods
• argument

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Messages and Methods

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Messages and Methods

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Methods

• When you use a method you "invoke" or "call" it

• Two kinds of Java methods
• Return a single item
• Perform some other action – a void method
• The method main is a void method
• Invoked by the system
• Not by the application program

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Methods

• Calling a method that returns a quantity

• Use anywhere a value can be used
• Calling a void method
• Write the invocation followed by a semicolon
• Resulting statement performs the action defined by the method

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Defining void Methods

• Consider method writeOutput from

Listing 5.1

• Method definitions appear inside class definition

• Can be used only with objects of that class

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Defining void Methods

• Most method definitions we will see as public

• Method does not return a value
• Specified as a void method
• Heading includes parameters
• Body enclosed in braces { }
• Think of method as defining an action to be taken

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Methods That Return a Value
• Consider method getAgeInHumanYears( )

• Heading declares type of value to be returned

• Last statement executed is return
JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Second Example – Species Class

• Class designed to hold records of endangered species

• View the class listing 5.3
class SpeciesFirstTry
• Three instance variables, three methods
• Will expand this class in the rest of the chapter
• View demo class listing 5.4
class SpeciesFirstTryDemo

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 The Keyword this
• Referring to instance variables outside the class – must use
• Name of an object of the class
• Followed by a dot
• Name of instance variable
• Inside the class,
• Use name of variable alone
• The object (unnamed) is understood to be there

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
The Keyword this

• Inside the class the unnamed object can be referred to with the
name this
• Example
this.name = keyboard.nextLine();
• The keyword this stands for the receiving object
• We will seem some situations later that require the this

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Local Variables

• Variables declared inside a method are called local variables

• May be used only inside the method
• All variables declared in method main are local to main
• Local variables having the same name and declared in different methods
are different variables

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Local Variables

• View sample file, listing 5.5A

class BankAccount
• View sample file, listing 5.5B
class LocalVariablesDemoProgram
• Note two different variables newAmount
• Note different values output

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Blocks
• Recall compound statements
• Enclosed in braces {}
• When you declare a variable within a compound statement
• The compound statement is called a block
• The scope of the variable is from its declaration to the end of the block
• Variable declared outside the block usable both outside and inside the
block

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Parameters of Primitive Type

• Recall method
declaration
in listing 5.3
• Note it only works for 10 years
• We can make it more versatile by giving the method a parameter to specify
how many years
• Note sample program, listing 5.6
class SpeciesSecondTry

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Parameters of Primitive Type
• Note the declaration
public int predictPopulation(int years)
• The formal parameter is years
• Calling the method
int futurePopulation =
speciesOfTheMonth.predictPopulation(10);
• The actual parameter is the integer 10
• View sample program, listing 5.7
class SpeciesSecondClassDemo

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Parameters of Primitive Type

• Parameter names are local to the method

• When method invoked
• Each parameter initialized to value in corresponding actual parameter
• Primitive actual parameter cannot be altered by invocation of the method
• Automatic type conversion performed
byte -> short -> int ->
long -> float -> double

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Information Hiding,
Encapsulation: Outline
• Information Hiding
• Pre- and Postcondition Comments
• The public and private Modifiers
• Methods Calling Methods
• Encapsulation
• Automatic Documentation with javadoc
• UML Class Diagrams

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Information Hiding

• Programmer using a class method need not know details of

implementation
• Only needs to know what the method does
• Information hiding:
• Designing a method so it can be used without knowing details
• Also referred to as abstraction
• Method design should separate what from how

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Pre- and Postcondition
Comments
• Precondition comment
• States conditions that must be true before method is invoked
• Example

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Pre- and Postcondition
Comments
• Postcondition comment
• Tells what will be true after method executed
• Example

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
The public and private Modifiers

• Type specified as public

• Any other class can directly access that object by name
• Classes generally specified aspublic
• Instance variables usually not public
• Instead specify as private
• View sample code, listing 5.8
class SpeciesThirdTry

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Programming Example

• Demonstration of need for private variables

• View sample code, listing 5.9
• Statement such as
box.width = 6;
is illegal since width is private
• Keeps remaining elements of the class consistent in this example

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Programming Example

• Another implementation of a Rectangle class

• View sample code, listing 5.10
class Rectangle2
• Note setDimensions method
• This is the only way the width and height may be altered
outside the class

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Accessor and Mutator Methods

• When instance variables are private must provide methods to access

values stored there
• Typically named getSomeValue
• Referred to as an accessor method
• Must also provide methods to change the values of the private
instance variable
• Typically named setSomeValue
• Referred to as a mutator method

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Accessor and Mutator Methods

• Consider an example class with accessor and mutator methods

• View sample code, listing 5.11
class SpeciesFourthTry
• Note the mutator method
• setSpecies
• Note accessor methods
• getName, getPopulation,
getGrowthRate

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Accessor and Mutator Methods

• Using a mutator method

• View sample program, listing 5.12
classSpeciesFourthTryDemo

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Programming Example

• A Purchase class
• View sample code, listing 5.13
class Purchase
• Note use of private instance variables
• Note also how mutator methods check for invalid values
• View demo program, listing 5.14
class purchaseDemo

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Programming Example

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Methods Calling Methods

• A method body may call any other method

• If the invoked method is within the same class
• Need not use prefix of receiving object
• View sample code, listing 5.15
class Oracle
• View demo program, listing 5.16
class OracleDemo

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Methods Calling Methods

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Encapsulation

• Consider example of driving a car

• We see and use break pedal, accelerator pedal, steering wheel – know what
they do
• We do not see mechanical details of how they do their jobs
• Encapsulation divides class definition into
• Class interface
• Class implementation

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Encapsulation

• A class interface
• Tells what the class does
• Gives headings for public methods and comments about them
• A class implementation
• Contains private variables
• Includes definitions of public and private methods

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Encapsulation
• Figure 5.3 A well encapsulated class definition

Programmer
Programmerwho who
uses the class
uses the class

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Encapsulation
• Preface class definition with comment on how to use class
• Declare all instance variables in the class as private.
• Provide public accessor methods to retrieve data Provide
public methods manipulating data
• Such methods could include public mutator methods.
• Place a comment before each public method heading that
fully specifies how to use method.
• Make any helping methods private.
• Write comments within class definition to describe
implementation details.

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Automatic Documentation
javadoc
• Generates documentation for class interface
• Comments in source code must be enclosed in /** */
• Utility javadoc will include
• These comments
• Headings of public methods
• Output of javadoc is HTML format

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
UML Class Diagrams

• Recall Figure 5.2 A class outline as a UML class diagram

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
UML Class Diagrams

• Note
Figure 5.4
for the
Minus
Minussigns
signsimply
Purchase private
imply
privateaccess
access
class

Plus
Plussigns
signsimply
imply
public
publicaccess
access

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
UML Class Diagrams

• Contains more than interface, less than full implementation

• Usually written before class is defined
• Used by the programmer defining the class
• Contrast with the interface used by programmer who uses the class

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Objects and References:
Outline
• Variables of a Class Type
• Defining an equals Method for a Class
• Boolean-Valued Methods
• Parameters of a Class Type

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Variables of a Class Type

• All variables are implemented as a memory location

• Data of primitive type stored in the memory location assigned to the
variable
• Variable of class type contains memory address of object named by
the variable

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Variables of a Class Type

• Object itself not stored in the variable

• Stored elsewhere in memory
• Variable contains address of where it is stored
• Address called the reference to the variable
• A reference type variable holds references (memory addresses)
• This makes memory management of class types more efficient

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Variables of a Class Type

• Figure
5.5a
Behavior
of class
variables

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Variables of a Class Type

• Figure
5.5b
Behavior
of class
variables

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Variables of a Class Type

• Figure
5.5c
Behavior
of class
variables

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Variables of a Class Type

• Figure
5.5d
Behavior
of class
variables

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Variables of a Class Type

• Figure
5.6a
Dangers of
using ==
with objects

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Variables of a Class Type

• Figure
5.6b
Dangers of
using ==
with objects

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Defining an equals Method

• As demonstrated by previous figures

• We cannot use == to compare two objects
• We must write a method for a given class which will make the comparison as
needed
• View sample code, listing 5.17
class Species
• The equals for this class method used same way as
equals method for String

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Demonstrating an equals
Method
• View sample program, listing 5.18
class SpeciesEqualsDemo
• Note difference in the two comparison methods == versus
.equals( )

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Complete Programming Example
• View sample code, listing 5.19
class Species
• Figure 5.7
Class Diagram
for the class
Species
in listing 5.19

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Boolean-Valued Methods
• Methods can return a value of type boolean
• Use a boolean value in the return statement
• Note method from listing 5.19

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
 Unit Testing
• A methodology to test correctness of individual units of code
• Typically methods, classes
• Collection of unit tests is the test suite
• The process of running tests repeatedly after changes are make sure
everything still works is regression testing

View sample code, listing 5.20

class SpeciesTest
JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Parameters of a Class Type

• When assignment operator used with objects of

class type
• Only memory address is copied
• Similar to use of parameter of class type
• Memory address of actual parameter passed to formal
parameter
• Formal parameter may access public elements of the class
• Actual parameter thus can be changed by class methods

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Programming Example

• View sample code, listing 5.21

class DemoSpecies
• Note different parameter types and results
• View sample program, listing 5.22
• Parameters of a class type versus parameters of a primitive type
class ParametersDemo

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Programming Example

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Graphics Supplement: Outline

• The Graphics Class

• The init Methods
• Adding Labels to an Applet

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
The Graphics Class
• An object of the Graphics class represents an area of the
screen
• Instance variables specify area of screen represented
• When you run an Applet
• Suitable Graphics object created automatically
• This object used as an argument in the paint method

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
The Graphics Class
• Figure 5.8a Some methods in class Graphics

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
The Graphics Class
• Figure 5.8b Some methods in class Graphics

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Programming Example

• Multiple faces – using a Helping method

• View sample code, listing 5.23
class MultipleFaces

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Graphics2D

• Java includes a Graphics2D class with more functionality than the

Graphics class
• Extends AWT
• Support for more geometric shapes
• Textures
• Gradients
• Font and shape properties
• Filtering
• Compositing
• Transforming
• Features that would be useful for rich media applications or video
games
• View sample program, listing 5.24, for reading an image file and
drawing it with transparency

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
The init Method
• Method init may be defined for any applet
• Like paint, method init called automatically when applet
is run
• Method init similar to method main in an application
program

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Adding Labels to Applet

• Provides a way to add text to an applet

• When component (such as a label) added to an applet
• Use method init
• Do not use method paint

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Adding Labels to Applet

• View sample applet, listing 5.25

class LabelDemo

Sample
Sample
screen
screen
output
output

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Summary

• Classes have
• Instance variables to store data
• Method definitions to perform actions
• Instance variables should be private
• Class needs accessor, mutator methods
• Methods may be
• Value returning methods
• Void methods that do not return a value

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Summary

• Keyword this used within method definition represents invoking

object
• Local variables defined within method definition
• Formal arguments must match actual parameters with respect to
number, order, and data type
• Formal parameters act like local variables

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Summary

• Parameter of primitive type initialized with value of

actual parameter
• Value of actual parameter not altered by method
• Parameter of class type initialized with address of
actual parameter object
• Value of actual parameter may be altered by method calls
• A method definition can include call to another
method in same or different class

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Summary

• Precondition comment states conditions that must

be true before method invoked
• Postcondition comment describes resulting effects
of method execution
• Utility program javadoc creates documentation
• Class designers use UML notation to describe
classes
• Operators = and == behave differently with objects
of class types (vs. primitive types)

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved
Summary

• Designer of class should include an equals

method
• Graphics drawn by applet normally done from
within paint
• Other applet instructions placed in init
• Parameter of paint is of type Graphics
• Method setBackground sets color of applet
pane
• Labels added to content pane within the init
method

JAVA: An Introduction to Problem Solving & Programming, 7th Ed. By Walter Savitch
ISBN 0133862119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All Rights Reserved