GREEN

REVOLUTION
IN INDIA
Presented By: Group 1

1. Amit Kumar (X01004)

2. Gajendra Singh (X01011)
3. Jaiveer Singh (X01013)
4. Priti Chaudhary (X01021)
5. Sagar Shroff (X01027)
 Green Revolution
• A phenomenon where agriculture was converted into an industrial system
with the adoption of modern technology, improved agricultural practices and
better management of resources.
• Seeds were planted in early 1941, when the Rockefeller Foundation sent a
team to survey Mexican agriculture
• This resulted in development of the Mexican Agricultural Program (MAP), to
which in 1944 a young biologist named Norman Borlaug was hired
• He developed ‘miracle wheat’ in 1954, which was spread by the Rockefeller
and Ford foundations through the world, in the 1950s and 1960s
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 Background
⊷ Increasing growth rate of population: 13.31% to 21.64%
growth rate was observed from 1950 to 1960
⊷ Low Productivity: The colonial rule put more emphasis on
cash crops which served as raw material to British industries.
Food grains production was ignored.
⊷ Lack of self-sufficiency: Heavy dependence on imports to
meet food requirements. Widespread prevalence of
subsistence agriculture leaving little surplus for markets.
⊷ Famines: The worst ever famine in India occurred in 1943
occurred in Bengal which resulted in death of 4 million
people.

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 Background
⊷ Between 1947 and 1960 policies and other efforts at
achieving food self sufficiency were not successful.
⊷ Two successive droughts in the year 1965 and 1966, leading
to fall in agricultural output by 17 %
⊷ Such repeated failure to provide food security to the citizens
of the country made policymakers look for solutions to
alleviate this problem. Mexico which was facing a similar
situation was implementing Green Revolution.
⊷ A similar program was decided to be implemented in India.

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 Features of Green Revolution
● Introduction of new and HYV of seeds of mainly wheat and rice

● Increased use of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides added to the

efficiency and productivity of the new farming strategies.

● Use of latest agricultural machinery

● Use of high disease resistance varieties

● Double cropping in existing farm land

● Continued expansion of farming area

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 Expansion of Green
Revolution in India
⊷ Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation; the US Government and the World
Bank were instrumental in expansion

⊷ Ford Foundation agronomists recommended launching of the Intensive

Agricultural Development Programme (IADP) in 1960-61

⊷ The IADP streamlined the distribution of inputs, improved the administrative

machinery, expanded the credit distribution system, rejuvenated the extension
services, and provided the proper impetus to the process of transformation

⊷ The establishment of Punjab Agricultural University (P.A.U) at Ludhiana, in 1962

⊷ Norman Borlaug and his team of Indian scientists evolved new strains of Mexican
dwarf wheat at PAU

⊷ With dwarf varieties of rice, the average yield of rice went up by 60.1 percent in
the period from 1969-70 to 1988-89, whereas it went up by 97.1 percent for wheat
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• In the first phase (1962–65 to 1970–73),
an overall growth rate of 2.08 % in
agriculture outputs was observed

• In the second phase, (1970–73 to 1980–

83), 2.38%

• In the third phase, 1980–83 to 1992–95,

growth rate of 5.39 per cent was
achieved

• The growth rate for the agriculture and

allied sectors is estimated to be 4.1 per
cent for 2016-17
 Major outcomes
Statistical Results
○ The Green Revolution resulted in a record grain output of 131
million tons in 1978-79.
○ Yield per unit of farmland improved by more than 30 per cent
between 1947 and 1979
○ The crop area under HYV varieties grew from seven per cent to
22 per cent of total cultivated area during the 10 years of the
Green Revolution
Political implications:
○ India transformed itself from a starving nation to an exporter of
food.
○ India was no longer dependent on USA for its wheat imports.

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 Major outcomes
Economic Results
○ Green revolution spurred the growth of local manufacturing
sector as the demand for agriculture inputs like fertilizers,
pesticides, fungicides and irrigation equipment increased.
○ The increase in irrigation created need for new dams to harness
monsoon water and the water stored was used to create hydro-
electric power which in turn boosted industrial growth
○ India paid back all loans it had taken from the World Bank and
its affiliates for the purpose of the Green Revolution. This
improved India's creditworthiness in the eyes of the lending
agencies

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 Economic Impacts
Positive Negative
⊷ Industrial growth created new ⊷ The rich - poor gap widened
jobs ⊷ Inter regional economic
⊷ Better standards of living – disparities increased
income, housing, education ⊷ Dropping prices resulting from
⊷ Improved India’s increased production
creditworthiness as it could pay ⊷ Skewed cropping patterns &
back loans. production
⊷ Helped India in generating ⊷ Decline in the real income per
foreign exchange reserves hectare since 1978
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 Social Impacts
Positive Negative
⊷ Accelerated the pace of ⊷ Increasing indebtedness
modernization in India ⊷ Inter state water conflicts
⊷ Fastened the pace of urbanization ⊷ Jajmani system replaced by the
⊷ Means of transport and contract system
communication also increased in ⊷ Accelerated the breakdown of
the rural areas joint family system.
⊷ Assisted in bringing the ⊷ Emergence of educated
information revolution unemployed in rural areas
⊷ Improved growth of education ⊷ Increased use of liquor, drugs
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 Ecological Impacts
Positive Negative
⊷ More grains are grown on ⊷ Myth about high yielding
comparatively lesser land area varieties
⊷ Present forest cover is not ⊷ Reduced genetic diversity
required to be sacrificed for ⊷ Water shortage and
farming contamination
⊷ Reduced soil fertility
⊷ Micronutrient deficiencies
⊷ Soil contamination
⊷ Health Hazards
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 Current status of Agriculture
● In 2017-18, growth of agriculture and allied sector has been
estimated at 2.1 % compared to 4.9 % in 2016-17

● Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for about 58 per

cent of India’s population.
● 30 to 35% of rural population is threatened by the problems of
unemployment and food insecurity
Agriculture Growth rate
● Agriculture is facing many problems today like:
a. Scarcity of water is a major problem faced by the farmers
b. Infertile land and lack of infrastructure in the agriculture
sector
c. Illiteracy and inequality and lack of finances.
● On the Global Hunger Index, India stands at the 97th position
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 Way forward
⊷ Need for suitable strategy to improve the economy of the rural
sector through agricultural development
⊷ Environmental protection is necessary to ensure agricultural
productivity because any neglect in conserving natural resources
will affect the crop production
⊷ Need to create a similar revolution in the near future as we have
already started experiencing stagnation in growth
⊷ While the first Green Revolution was to ensure food security, the
second Green Revolution should aim at creating sustainable
livelihood security for the poor and eradication of poverty by
generating gainful self-employment.
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 Second green revolution
Generation of Agroforestry on Promotion of mixed
Employment Degraded Lands farming
Focus on generation of Dryland horticulture and agri- Livestock development
silvi pastures.
employment for the to generate
small and marginal Tree crops- ability to withstand employment for small
the vagaries of nature. Provide
farmers and the landless. year-round employment
farmers throughout the
year

Soil quality Improvement and

Nutrition Management Post- harvest
Capacity building
Improvement in soil texture Managements
Building capabilities of enhance productivity and water Efficient cold chain
the participant farmers, holding capacity
food preservation
particularly women Identification of microbes for
accelerating bio-composting, Quick field tests to
The local community facilitating efficient uptake, assess contaminates
should be empowered to fixation and production of
levels in food products
plan their own nutrients
enterprises .
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 “
What nations with small farms and
resource poor farmers need is the
enhancement of productivity in
perpetuity, without associated
ecological or social harm. The green
revolution should become an ever-
green revolution rooted in the
principles of ecology, economics and
social and gender equity.
MS Swaminathan, 1990

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