DIESEL
EMISSION
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Dr. LOKESH VARSHNEY SHUBH ARORA 52311
SHUBHAM DIXIT 52312
SNEHA SAHU 52313
TASHI GOEL 52314
VAISHALI MATIYANI 52315
VINAY JOSHI 52317
VISHESHANK RANA 52318
VIVEK SHITWAL 52320
YASHI SAXENA 52321
INTRODUCTION
Diesel engine, like other internal combustion
engines, converts chemical energy contained in the
fuel into mechanical power. Diesel fuel is mixture of
hydrocarbons which – during an ideal combustion
process – would produce only carbon dioxide(CO2)
and water vapour(H2O).
The volumetric concentrations of these gases in
diesel exhaust are typically in the following ranges.
CO2 - 2-12%
H 2O - 2-12%
O2 - 3-17%
N2 - balance
Diesel emissions include also pollutants that can
have adverse health and/or environment affects.
Most of these pollutants originate because of
incomplete combustion of fuel, reactions between
mixture components under high temperature and
pressure, combustion of engine lubricating oil and
oil additives as well as combustion of non
hydrocarbon components of diesel fuel, such as
sulphur compounds and fuel additives.
Common pollutants include unburned
hydrocarbons(HC), carbon monoxide(CO),
nitrogen oxides(NOX) or particulate matter(PM).
Composition of diesel exhaust gases
CARBON MONOXIDE(CO): It results because of
incomplete combustion. It generally occurs when the
mixture is rich especially at the time of starting and
instantaneous acceleration.
Hydrocarbon + O2 ------------> CO + H2O
NITROGEN OXIDES(NOX): Diesel engines uses highly
compressed hot air to ignite the fuel. Due to high
compression the temperature become high and reaches
above 16000 c in the cylinder and causes the nitrogen to
react with oxygen and generate NOX emissions.
N2 + O2 ---------> 2NO
2NO + O2 ---------> 2NO2
HYDROCARBONS(HC): Hydrocarbon emissions are
composed of unburned fuels as a result of insufficient
temperature which occurs near the cylinder wall. It
consists of alkane, alkenes and aromatics.
PARTICULATE MATTER: Particulate matter may be
originated from agglomeration of very small particles
of partly burned fuel, partly burned lube oil, ash
content of fuel oil. Diesel particulate matter are
typically spheres about 15-40 nm in diameter.
Particulate emission from diesel engine are
considerably higher than from gasoline engine. It is
seen as black smoke known as soot.
EFFECT OF ENGINE TYPE ON EXHAUST EMISSION
Emission levels at full load and rated speed
CONCLUSION DRAWN FROM THE TABLE
1. The two stroke air scavenged engine produces high
unburned hydrocarbons and intermediate NOx emissions.
The smoke levels remain low at all power levels.
2. The four stroke medium speed normally aspirated engine
has lowest emission in all category expect for a very high
smoke intensity.
3. The four stroke high speed normally aspirated engine has
high HC and high aldehyde emissions. The odour intensity
is high but remains unchanged for all modes of operation
except idle.
4. The turbocharged four stroke engine is notably low in
unburned hydrocarbons and high in NOx. Generally very
low smoke levels are recorded for engines.
Emission characteristics of various engine
EFFECT OF MODE OF OPERATION ON DIESEL
EXHAUST
1. During idle mode concentration of HC, NOx and
aldehyde emissions are lower than other modes. The
emission at idle are less significant than any other mode.
2. The acceleration mode has certain influence on odour.
Highest odour occurred when full acceleration was
encountered. Smoke levels are also high during
acceleration.
3. The two stroke and four stroke turbocharged engine
smoke lightly at load, while four stroke normally
aspirated engines smoke very much at rated full load.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT OPERATIONAL MODE ON EMISSION LEVEL
MECHANISM OF SMOKE
Smoke, which is defined as visible products of
combustion, is due to poor combustion and two main
reasons for incomplete combustion are incorrect air
fuel ratio and improper mixing. Diesel smoke
originates early in the combustion process. In contrast
to pre-mixed and homogeneous fuel-air mixture in
gasoline engines the diesel combustion chamber has
different fuel-air ratios in different parts. Whenever
the fuel is burned in some localized portion of
combustion chamber a fuel-air ratios corresponding to
FR = 1.5 or higher and at pressures developed in diesel
engine soot is produced.
The amount of soot formed depends upon local fuel-air
ratio, type of fuel and pressure , If this soot, once formed
finds sufficient oxygen it will burn completely. If it is
not burned in combustion cycle it will pass in exhaust,
and if in sufficient quantity, will become visible and we
call it smoke.
The size of the soot particles affects the appearance of
smoke. The soot particles, which are chain-line clumps
of carbon ,combine into bigger particles which have an
objectionable darkening effect on diesel exhaust.
The quality of fuel affects the white smoke present in an
engine and has no effect on production of black smoke.
The smoke increases with increase in f/a ratio and
occurs even with as much as 25% excess air in cylinder.
