EMC Concept and

Technical Standards

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 EMC Definition
 EMC : EMC is defined as the ability of electronic and communication
equipment to be able to operate satisfactorily in the presence of
interference and not be a source of interference to nearby equipment.

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 EMC Definition
 Talks in Order of Magnitudes
 Frequency from DC to daylights
 magnitude µA ‐ kA; µV ‐ MV
 works on dB for order of magnitude, and log scale in
frequency

 Different types of EMC requirements, methods,

measurements
 Many different standards

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Sources of Emission / Noise

Natural / man-made / intended emission!

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Coupling

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The Changes of EM Environment
 ICT convergence : High speed/quality/definition, wireless
 Smart grid technology, new and renewable energy development
 Electric vehicles
 Energy efficiency, mobility, portability
 Automatic, social safety and security, intelligent public transportation
infrastructure
 Aerospace & avionics, ships advance

Technology Changes of
Innovation EM Environment

To be required the development of new EMC (testing) technologies in

electromagnetic environment

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Effects of EME/ EM interference

Equipment to equipment
 Loss of data in digital systems or in transmission of data
 Interference to TV and radio reception
 Malfunction of medical electronic equipment
 Malfunction of automotive microprocessor control systems (braking)
and navigation equipment
 Malfunction of critical process‐control functions (e.g. oil, chemical,
airports railways)
…….

Equipment to Human (Human Safety)

 IEEE C95.1 ‐ Standard For Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure
to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3KHz to 300GHz

 ICNIRP ‐ Guidelines limiting exposure to time‐varying Electric, Magnetic,

and Electromagnetic fields (Up to 300 GHz).
 Different characteristics of
emissions
Radiated Emission‐
 Far field radiation
 near field radiation
 E field source
 H field source

Conducted Emission
 Different paths
….dc port, power port, communication
port

Electromagnetic Coupling
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EME and EMI

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 Electromagnetic Compatibility

 The ability of an equipment or system to function satisfactorily in its environment

without introducing intolerable electromagnetic interference to anything in that
environment.

EMC = EME + EMI

EME=Electromagnetic Emission (Interference)

EMI=Electromagnetic Immunity (Susceptibility)

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 Frequency ranges
The EMC standards generally cover the range from 0 Hz to 400 GHz.
Currently, however, not all frequency ranges are completely regulated

Above 9 kHz, the high-frequency range starts. This range is also called
the radio-frequency or RF range.

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EMC Problems

Brazil rocket explosion

Alcantara launch center
killing 21 people,
injuring 20 more
2003

Aircraft carrier explosion

USS Forrestal Disaster, Vietnam
July 29, 1967

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 Conducted
Differential and Common
Mode Noise

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Differential-mode noise
 The first type is differential mode noise which is
conducted on the signal (VCC) line and GND line in the
opposite direction to each other
 This type of noise is suppressed by installing a filter on
the hot (VCC) side on the signal line or power supply
line.

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Common mode noise
 Noise can also be conducted from any line in the system
towards earth. In a single-phase system, signals could go
from L and P towards earth. This type of noise is then
called common-mode no
 Noise is suppressed by installing an inductor to the
signal line and GND line, respectively.

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Common mode noise
 Anther suppression method is A metallic casing is
connected to the signal line using a capacitor. Thus,
noise is returned to the noise source in the following
order; signal/GND lines >>> capacitor >> metallic casing
>> stray capacitance >> noise source.

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Radiated Emissions

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Radiation

 Noise can not only propagate along direct connections

but also through the air via radiation. Once HF signals
are generated inside a system, they are simply
propagating along the path of least resistance.
 If the structure or layout of the system provides good
antenna characteristics, the signals will use those
parasitic antennas and radiate from the system into the
air.
 There, the noise travels as electromagnetic waves and
can be picked up by other equipment along its path.

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EMC Regulation Issues

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EMC Regulation in the World

 US
 The body responsible for regulation of EMC emissions in the USA is the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The specific regulations are
Part 15 (Radio Frequency Devices) and Part 18 (Industrial, Scientific and
Medical Equipment) for the FCC marking.
 EU
 For the majority of electrical and electronic products, EMC requirements
in the European Union are covered by the EMC Directive (2004/108/EC)
for the CE marking
 Japan
 The body responsible for EMC emissions in Japan is the VCCI. Products
must comply with CISPR 22. Equipment intended for the domestic
environment must comply with the Class B requirements, while other
equipment should satisfy the Class A requirements
 These requirements are not mandatory regulations.

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EMC Controls

 The control of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and assurance of EMC

comprises a series of related disciplines:
 Characterizing the threat.
 Setting standards for emission and susceptibility levels.
 Design for standards compliance.
 Testing for standards compliance.

 Characterization of the problem requires understanding of:

 The interference source and signal.
 The coupling path to the victim.
 The nature of the victim both electrically and in terms of the significance of
malfunction.

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 EMC Standards
RE : 40 dBµV/m ~ 0.01V/m

CE : 60 dBµV/m ~ 0.001V/m

Examples of some limits in Radiated Emission

…from CISPR22

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Technical Standards for EMC(1)

Basic Standard

- Basic standards for the measurement of radio disturbance in the frequency range
9kHz - 18GHz

ex: CISPR 16 Series, IEC/EN/K 61000-4 Series for ESD, RS/CS, Surge, EFT burst tests

Generic Standard

- Generic standards – Immunity(EMS) and emission(EMI)

for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments

ex: IEC/EN/K 61000-6-1 & IEC/EN/K 61000-6-2 for EMS

IEC/EN/K 61000-6-3 & IEC/EN/K 61000-6-4 for EMI

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Technical Standards for EMC(2)

Product Family Standard

ex: CISPR 11(ISM), CISPR 12(vehicles, boats, combustion engine), CISPR 13(EMI for broadcasting
receiver), CISPR 14-1(EMI for home appliances), CISPR 14-2(EMS for home appliances),
CISPR 15(lightening equipment), CISPR 2013(EMS for broadcasting receiver), CISPR 22(EMI for
ITE), CISPR 24(EMS for ITE), CISPR 25(vehicles, boats, combustion engine),
CISPR 32 and CISPR 35(multimedia), etc.

Product Standard

ex: IEC 60945(Maritime Navigation and Radiocommunication Equipment and Systems) ,

IEC 60533(Electrical and electronics installation in ships),
IEC 61326(Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use),
IEC 61131-2(Programmable controllers ), IEC 61204-3(Low voltage power supplies), etc.

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 Equivalent Standards

Ref: EMC Pre-Compliance Fundamentals Application note from Keysight

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EMC Measurements

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 EMC Tests for the Compliance
EMC
Electromagnetic Compatibility

EMI EMS
Electromagnetic Interference Electromagnetic Susceptibility

RE (IEC/CISPR) CE (IEC/CISPR) RS (IEC/TC77, ISO) CE (IEC/TC77, ISO)

Radiated Emission Conducted Emission Radiated Susceptibility Conducted Susceptibility
∙ Magnetic Fields ∙ Voltage ∙ Magnetic Fields ∙ HF/LF
∙ Electric Fields ∙ Current ∙ Electric Fields ∙ Surge, EFT Burst
∙ Conducted Power ∙ ESD
Disturbance
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EMI Conducted Emission
measurements
 Emission is every electromagnetic disturbance that is
produced by the equipment under test (EUT) and given
off to the environment.
 Most electric and electronic equipment also produces a
lot of unintended emission that is not necessary for the
operation that is, emission as a kind of waste product
that is, emission as a kind of waste product.

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High-frequency (HF) radiated
emission
 The classic radiated measurement according to common standards is
performed on an open area test site (OATS). The minimum ground plane
area as given in CISPR 22 should be regarded as indicative only; the true
measure of an OATS is its calibrated normalized site attenuation (NSA),
and meeting this will normally require a larger ground plane area.
Maintaining a large area free of obstructions (including wooden buildings)
is also important.

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Radiated emission test on an open-area test site (OATS)

 OATS Information

 General Information
 Frequency Range : 30MHz ~ 1GHz
 Site Attenuation (ANSI C63.4), NSA less than ±4dB
 Test Distance : 3m, 10m & 30m

 Test Items  Standards  Cost

 Radiated Emission  ANSI C63.4  USD 86 thousand(about)

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Typical Open-Area Test Sites(OATS)

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OATS Configuration

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Open Area Test Site (OATS).
 The ground plane is necessary to regularize reflections from the
ground surface, and the antenna height scan deals with the nulls
that inevitably result from the presence of the ground plane.
 The height scan is not intended to measure emission from the EUT
in the vertical direction. Only the horizontal plane of emission as
given by the azimuth rotation of the EUT is tested.
 Any open area test site is likely to suffer from ambient signals, that
is, signals that are generated in the neighbourhood and received on
the site but not emitted from the EUT.
 More importantly, ambient that mask EUT emission make it
impossible to measure the EUT at these frequencies.
 Other problems of OATS can be unwanted reflections from objects
that are not within the defined borders but that nonetheless can
reflect the EUT signal back to the antenna.

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 Anechoic chamber
 An anechoic chamber is a shielded room designed to attenuate sound or
electromagnetic energy. Anechoic chambers were originally used in the
context of absorbing acoustic (sound) echoes caused by internal
reflections of a room, but more recently anechoic chambers have also
been used to provide a shielded environment for radio frequency (RF)
and microwaves
 Modern chambers achieve this through a combination of ferrite
material, usually in the form of tiles glued directly to the wall, and
cone-shaped foam absorbers on top of the tiles.

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Radiated emission test in an anechoic chamber

Typical EMC Test Facilities

Shield room

RS chamber
3m EMI chamber

30m EMI chamber OATS

10m EMI chamber

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High-frequency conducted
emission
 Conducted emission is any emission transported from
equipment to the environment along cables.
 In order to measure conducted emission, a line impedance
stabilization network (LISN) is inserted into the mains
power supply of the EUT. Newer standards call this network
artificial mains network (AMN). The LISN leads the RF
signals from the EUT to the output for the measurement
receiver, while at the same time blocking the AC input
voltage from the receiver.

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Typical Semi-Anechoic Chamber (10m)

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Semi-Anechoic Chamber (10m)
configuration

Antenna mast

1 to 4 m

direct wave EUT

turntable
Ground plane

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Semi Anechoic Chamber Information

 General Information
 Dimension : 20m(L) x 12m(W) x 8.5m(H)
 Frequency Range : 30MHz ~ 18GHz
 Site Attenuation (ANSI C63.4), NSA less than ±4dB
 Site Attenuation (CISPR 13), CSA less than ±3dB
 Site Validation (CISPR 16-1-4), SVSWR less than 6dB
 Test Distance : 3m & 10m

 Test Items  Standards  Cost

 Radiated Emission  ANSI C63.4  USD 1.7 million(about)
 Conducted Emission  CISPR 13
 CISPR 16-1-4

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Typical EMC test facilities layout(Top view)

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 EMC test facilities construction procedure(1)
1. Installation of steel structure 2. Installation of shield panel[Floor] 3. Installation of scaffold

4. Installation of shield panel 5. Installation of Door, Filter 6. Performance [SE Test]

[Wall & Ceiling]

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 EMC test facilities construction procedure(2)
7. Installation of Ferrite Tile 8. Installation of Absorbers 9. Installation of Raised floor

10. Installation of Groundplane 11. Finishing; Floor, interior 12. Performance [NSA Test]

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Typical EMS RS Chamber

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 EMS RS Chamber General Information
 General Information
 Dimension : 9m(L) x 6m(W) x 6m(H)
 Frequency Range : 26MHz ~ 18GHz
 Field Uniformity (IEC 61000-4-3)
: (0 ~ 6)dB, over 75% of a surface
 Polarization : Vertical & Horizontal
 Uniformity Plane : 1.5m x 1.5m
 Height of the antenna : 1.55m
 Test Distance : 3m

 Test Items  Standards  Cost

 Radiated Susceptibility  IEC 61000-4-3  USD 430 thousand(about)

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Typical Screen/Shield Rooms

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 Typical Shield Rooms Information

 General Information
 Dimension : 10m(L) x 7.5m(W) x 3m(H)
 Frequency Range : 14kHz ~ 18GHz
 Shielding Effectiveness (IEEE 299)
: more than (60 ~ 100)dB
 Measurement Point : Door, Filter, Ceiling, walls, and ventilator

 Test Items  Standards  Cost

 Conducted Emission  CISPR 14-1/13/22 etc.  USD 260 thousand(about)
 Disturbance Power
 ESD/EFT/Surge etc.

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Test for Radiated Emission(RE)
 RE Test for EUT
 Frequency Range : 30MHz to 1GHz(Up to 18GHz)
 Standard : CISPR 11, 12, 13, 25, 22… (EN 550XX)
EEC 95/54, SAE J 1113-41
 Major Testing System (Refer to CISPR 16)
 Test Facility : OATS, ALSE, FAR, SAR
Open area test site or alternate test (anechoic chamber)
 Test Equipment : EMI Receiver(Field strength meter with quasi-peak detector
or EMI test receiver), Spectrum Analyzer
 Test Antenna : Loop, Dipole, Log-periodic, Bi-conical Horn (depending on
Frequency & Regulation)
 Other : Turntable, Antenna Master, etc.

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Line Impedance Stabilization
Network (LISN)
 The LISN leads the RF signals from the EUT to the output for the
measurement receiver, while at the same time blocking the AC input
voltage from the receiver.
 According to the standard, the highest emission on each of the phases
has to be recorded, but in common practice a peak measurement is
performed on one phase
 Only if the measured emission is within a defined margin from the limit
will the testing be performed with average (AV) and quasi-peak (QP)
detectors on all phases.

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Measurement principle for line-conducted voltage measurements

Line Impedance Stabilization
Network (LISN)

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Line Impedance Stabilization
Network (LISN)
 The ground reference plane (GRP) is an essential part of
the conducted emission test.
 The GRP should be:
1. I at least 2 m x 2 m, and at least 0.5m larger than the
boundary of the EUT;
2. made of copper, aluminium or steel, though the thickness is
not too important;
3. bonded to the local supply safety earth (this is for safety
only and not necessary for the measurement);
4. bonded by a very short, low-inductive strap to the
reference terminal of the AMN/LISN. A length of wire is not
adequate for repeatability at the higher frequencies. The
AMN/LISN should preferably be bolted directly to the GRP.

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Detection Methods
 Peak detection, as its name implies, retains the peak
value of each harmonic in an emitted signal, indicating
the worst-case scenario. Average detection provides the
average amplitude of each signal component across its
period. Quasi-peak detection weighs each component
based on its repetition rate: the faster repetition rate,
the higher the weight given to that component.

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https://www.edn.com/design/test-and-measurement/4460716/EMI-emissions-testing--peak--quasi-peak--and-average-measurements
EMC Testing Instruments

Oscilloscope

ESD Generator
EMI test Receiver

LISN
Signal Generator
Spectrum Analyzer

EFT/Surge Generator Antenna Network Analyzer

Above equipments are the most commonly used available for performing EMC measurements.
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EMC Tests

31
Limit of RE

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Test for Conducted Emission(CE)
 CE Measurement emitting from cable of EUT
 Frequency Range : 150kHz to 30MHz
 Standards : CISPR 11, 13, 14, 15, 25, 22.. (EN 550XX)
 Testing System (Refer to CISPR 16)
 Test Facility : Shielded Room or adequate ground planes
 Test Equipment : EMI Receiver, Spectrum Analyzer(Quasi-peak Average detector
available)
 Other : LISN, etc.

* LISN (Line Impedance Stabilization Network) :

to create a known impedance on power lines of electrical equipment during
electromagnetic interference testing. A LISN is typically designed to allow for
measurements of the electromagnetic interference existing on the power line.

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 Limit of CE

Conducted Disturbance Disturbance Voltage Injected

at the Mains Ports into the Mains
Table 1 , 2 dBuV
Class A Class B 80
79
Frequency
Limits dB (uV) Limits dB (uV) 76
Range
Calss A (Q.P)
MHz 72 73
Q.P Average Q.P Average
68
66
0.15 ~ 0.5 79 66 66 ~ 56 * 56 ~ 46 64
0.5 ~ 5 73 60 56 46 60 Calss A (Average)
5 ~ 30 73 60 60 50 56 Calss B (Q.P)

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* Decreasing Linearly with the Logarithm of the Frequency 50
48
- The lower limit shall apply at the transition frequencies. Calss B (Average)
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- Telecommunication Ports 에 대한 Limit 는 고려중임.
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0.1 0.5 1 5 10 30 100
MHz

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Test for Radiated
Susceptibility(RS)
 Radiated field susceptibility testing typically involves a high-powered
source of RF or EM pulse energy and a radiating antenna to direct the
energy at the potential victim or device under test (DUT).
 Frequency Range : 80 MHz to 1000 MHz
 Test condition : 1-30 V/m (1 kHz CW, 80% AM) , 100 V/m
 Standards : IEC 61000-4-3 (EN 61000-4-3), ISO 11452-2
 Test Facility : FAR
 Test Equipment : Power Amplifier system, Antenna, Field Probe Sensor, Signal
Generator, Directional Coupler, power meter,
 Other : Test software, etc

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 Test for Conducted
Susceptibility(CS)
 Conducted voltage and current susceptibility testing typically involves a high-
powered signal or pulse generator, and a current clamp or other type of
transformer to inject the test signal

 Frequency Range : 150kHz to 80MHz

 Test Condition : 1-10V (1kHz CW, 80% AM)
 Standards : IEC 61000-4-6 (EN 61000-4-6), ISO 7637
 Test System
 Test Facility : Shield Room
 Test Equipment : Power Amplifier system, Signal Generator, Directional
Coupler, power meter, CDN, Current Clamp
 Other : Test software, etc

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Test for Electrostatic
Discharge(ESD)
 ESD is a serious issue in solid state electronics, such as integrated circuits.
Integrated circuits are made from semiconductor materials such as silicon
and insulating materials such as silicon dioxide. Either of these materials
can suffer permanent damage when subjected to high voltages; as a result,
there are now a number of antistatic devices that help prevent static
build up.
 Test Condition(input voltage) : 8kV(Air Discharge), 4kV(Contact Discharge),
Max 25kV
 Standard : IEC 61000-4-2 (EN 61000-4-2), ISO 10605
 Test System
 Test Facility : Shield Room
 Test Equipment : ESD Simulator, Coupling Plane
 Other : Capacitors, Resistors, etc

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Thank You So Much !!!

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