Introduction to Computer

Programming
Introduction to C++ and IDE
Chapter # 02

Instructor: Mahwish Shahid

 Recap of Basic Concepts
 Course Objectives
 What is Computer, Data, Information
 Elements of Computer: H/w and S/w
 Basic Hardware Components
 Data Hierarchy, Storage Unit / Byte Measurement and Binary
Numbers
 Computer Software, Programming languages and its types
 Language Translator: Compiler and Interpreter
 Debugger and IDE
 Pseudo Code, Algorithm and Flow Chart
 Introduction to C++ and IDE

 Starting 'C++'
 Our First Program
 Modify First program
 Identifiers
 Key words
 Variables / Constants
 Data Types
 Operators
 Expression
 Precedence of Operators
 Starting C++
 Computer Program: Set of instructions
 System Program
 Application program
 Low Level Language:
 Machine Language: Binary Language: logically Binary Digits represent current’s availability in circuit
 High Level Language:
 C++ (Intermediate level language)
 What is important / needed to learn a natural language? E.g. Subject Verb Object
 Set of Alphabets  Word  Grammar  Phrase / Sentences  Rules / Syntax  Valid Words and
 What is needed to Learn C++? sentence
List of Special characters e.g.
 Set of Characters: English Alphabets (a-z) (A-Z) Digits (0-9) # { } ( ) < > & + - * / ! || , ;
 Constants, variable, Keywords Main, Int, Long, For, While, Do, If
 Syntax / Rules  Instruction  Program
/ Statement
 Intro to C++ Program
1. #include <iostream> Iostream: input output stream: built in Library include: to invoked that library : header file / pre processor Directive
2. using namespace std; Class of elements : an abstract container, holding definition of Input (cin) Output (cout) Functions,
3. int main () Function: Name, Inputs of Function (Argument), Output of Function (Return)
4. { Starting point of function Body
5. //variable declaration Function Body /
// are used for single line comments
Scope of Function
6. //read values input from user //Indentation is for the convenience of the reader;
7. //computation and print output to user Compiler ignores all spaces and new line
8. return 0; If function has an output
9. } End of function Body

 After writing a C++ program in editor, you need to compile that program to checks whether the
program follows the C++ syntax
 If there are errors, it lists those errors down
 If there are no errors, it translates the C++ program into a program in machine Code which you can execute.
 All statements ended by semicolon (;), the delimiter for the compiler is the semicolon
 Case Sensitive Void is different than void
Main is different than main
 Parts of a First C++ Program
1 // sample C++ Program Comment (//) forward slashes

2 # include <iostream> Preprocessor Directive

3 using namespace std; which namespace to use

4 int main() beginning of Function named main

Having No Arguments and Int return type.
Output Statement
Keyword “cout” 5{ beginning of Body / Block of main Function
To display String constant in double quotes
something on 6 cout << "Hello, there!"; Text to display on screen
screen
7 return 0; send 0 to Processor as return value of Function

8 } end of block / body of main

 Preprocessor Directives
 Provide instructions to the compiler to preprocess the information before actual
compilation starts.
 Begin with (#)
 C++ has many directories:
 E.g. #Include, #define, #if, #else
 Preprocessor directives are not C++ statements, works like macros
 So there is no semicolon (;) at the end of this statement.
 General syntax: # Preprocessor_Directive <library_name/ header_file_name>
 # Include <iostream>
 Directive to "add" contents of library file to your program
 Executes before compilation,
 It simply "copies“ library file into your program file
 Directive lines cannot seen by compiler
 Header Files / Library Files
 C++ Standard libraries
 Syntax
 Start with # symbol enclosed in < >
 #include <headerFileName>
 Example : #include <iostream>
 By including header file,
 It copies into each source file that needs it.
 Inserts the contents of another file into the program
 Header files inserts the contents of another file into the
program
 C++ has many libraries
 Input/output, math, strings, etc.
 Namespace
 To define scope, its an additional information to differentiate similar functions, classes, variables etc.
with the same name available in different libraries.
 Using namespace, you can define the context in which names are defined.
 Namespace is required when we use names that we’ve brought into the program by the preprocessor
directive e.g. #include <iostream>.
 General Syntax: namespace_Name:: Member_Name
 E.g. std :: cout, Std :: cin, Std :: out,

 “Using” is the keyword of directive to tell the compiler that the subsequent code is making use of
names in the specified namespace.
 This will enable to omit std:: before each use of a name (member) in the std namespace
 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;
 C++ uses streams for input and output: Stream - is a sequence of data to be read (input stream) or a
sequence of data generated by the program to be output (output stream)
 Other Features in C++ Program
 Blank Lines and White Space
 You use blank lines, space characters and tab characters (i.e., “tabs”) to make
programs easier to read.
 Together, these characters are known as white space.
 White-space characters are normally ignored by the compiler.
 The Main Function
 part of every C++ program
 Program execution always begin from main function.
 Main Function: Return type and Arguments.
 Left curly brace {, begin the body of every function.
 A corresponding right curly brace, }, must end each function’s body.
 Block
 A set of statements contained within a pair of braces
Other Features in C++ Program (cont’d)
 An Output Statement
 To print the string of characters enclosed b/w double quotation marks.
 A string is called a character string / string literal / simply string.
 White-space characters in strings are not ignored by the compiler.
 General syntax: cout<<“Text_to_Print_on_Screen. ”;
 Cout << "hello, there!";
 Every c++ statement must end with a semicolon (statement terminator).
 Output and input in c++ are accomplished with streams of characters.
 So, it sends the stream of characters to the standard output stream object which is
normally “connected” to the screen.

 The Stream Insertion Operator (<<)

 The value to the operator’s right, is inserted in the output stream.
 The Return Statement
 To exit / end a function
 Modify First C++ Program 1 // sample C++ Program
 “COUT” Displays information on computer screen 2 # include <iostream>
 Console Output 3 using namespace std;
 cout << "Hello, there!"; 4 int main()
 Lets modify by using CASCADING feature: 5 {
Or cout << "Hello, ";
6 cout << "Hello, there!";
 cout << "Hello, " << "there!"; cout << "there!";
7 return 0;
 To add Blank lines in output on screen using endl or \n feature: 8 }
 cout << "Hello, there!" << endl;  cout << "Hello, there! \n";
 To display Variables in output on screen:
anything within double quotes will be output as it is.
 cout << number_of_Bars;  cout << “Total # of candy bars \n";
cout << "Welcome \n to \n C++ !\n";
 cout << numberOf_Bars << ”candy bars \n”;
cout << "Welcome \n to \n \n C++ !\n";
 To display Arithmetic expressions on screen:
 cout << ”The total cost is $” << (price + tax);
 Escape Sequence
 Sequences of symbols starts with a backslash (\) make special meaning to the computer.
 Used to manipulate output by instructing compiler that a special "escape character" is coming.
 Always used within double quotes.
 Following character treated as "escape sequence char"
 cout << "The total is \t "<< sum << “\n”;
 Special Characters
Character Name Meaning
// Double Forward slash Beginning of a comment
# Pound sign Beginning of preprocessor directive
<> Open/close Angle brackets Enclose filename in #include
() Open/close parentheses Used when naming a function
{} Open/close Curly bracket / Delimiters Encloses a group of statements
"" Open/close Double quotation marks Encloses string of characters
; Semicolon End of a programming statement
[] Open/close Square Brackets Size specification
<< Double open Angular bracket Cascade, Stream insertion
>> Double close Angular bracket Cascade, Stream extraction
\ Back slash Use with escape sequence in
combination with other characters.
‘‘ Single Quotation Mark To specify a character
 Program Example
 Write a Program to Add two Integers.
1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. int main() // function main begins program execution
4. {
5. //Variable declaration
6. int number1; // first integer to add Program Output
7. int number2; // second integer to add Enter first integer:
8. int sum; // sum of number1 and number2 Enter second integer:
Sum is
9. cout << "Enter first integer: "; // prompt user for data
10. cin >> number1; // read first integer from user into number1

11. cout << "Enter second integer: "; // prompt user for data
12. cin >> number2; // read second integer from user into number2

13. sum = number1 + number2; // add the numbers; store result in sum

14. cout << "Sum is " << sum << endl; // display sum; end line
15. } // end function main
Other Features in C++ Program (cont’d)
 An Input Statement
 To Store data in the computer's memory requires two steps
 Allocate the memory by declaring a variable
 Fetch a value from the input device and place it in the allocated memory location
 Console Input: to get the values of variables from user
 When input statement is read by program
 it just pauses the execution until the user types something and presses <Enter> key
Program Output
 General syntax: cin >> Variable_to_hold_value_ of_User’s_choice; 1234
Example:
 cin >> number1;
cin >> x
 The Stream Extraction Operator (>>)
 To obtain a value from the keyboard stream.
 Using multiple stream insertion operators (<<) in a single statement is referred to
as concatenating, chaining or cascading stream insertion operations.
Other Features in C++ Program (cont’d)
 Comments
 To increase the readability of the code
 Not displayed on output screen
 Single Line Comment : using // comment
 Multi –Line Comment: using
 /* please enter your comment text here if its more than one line */
 Basic Concepts C++ Program
 Identifiers
 Key words / Reserve Words
 Variable & Constants
 Data Types
 Operators
 Arithmetic
 Assignment
 Logical  Increment / Decrement
 Relational

 Expressions
 Operators Precedence
 Identifier
 Identifiers
 a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module, or any other user-defined item.
 Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.
 Can starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_) followed by zero or more
letters, underscores, and digits (0 to 9).
 C++ does not allow following punctuation characters:
 @, $, and % within identifiers. C++ is a case-sensitive programming language.
 C++ is case sensitive, Upper- and lower-case characters are distinct
 Thus, Manpower and manpower are two different identifiers in C++.

Valid Examples:
Invalid Examples:
X, x_1, _abc, A2b,
12, 3X, %change, myFirst.c, data-1
ThisIsAVeryLongIdentifier
 Identifier: Programming Tips
 Identifiers should be
 Short enough to be reasonable to type (single word is norm)
 Standard abbreviations are acceptable
 Long enough to be understandable
 Careful selection of identifiers makes your program clearer
 Two styles of identifiers
 C-style - terse, use abbreviations and underscores to separate the words, never use capital letters for
variables
 Camel Case I - if multiple words: capitalize, do not use underscores
 Camel Case II variant: first letter lowercased Identifier Valid / Reason if invalid
 Pick style and use consistently invalid
Camel Case I C-style Camel Case II totalSales Yes
Min min min total_Sales Yes
Temperature temperature temperature total.Sales No Cannot contain .
CameraAngle Camera_angle cameraAngle 4thQtrSales No Cannot begin with digit
CurrentNumberPoints Cur_Num_Point currentNumberPoints
totalSale$ No Cannot contain $
 Class Activity (I-a)
 Which of the following are legal variable names in C++? What’s wrong with the
illegal names?
3rdItem Item2 IsGood? _left
float TaxRate pi_r_sqrd table4.1 m

 Classify as good, legal but not recommended, or illegal:

e.g. percent - good

if tax_rate num_students 1999pay

y2k# my_data m Days_off
_1994tax variable y2k_fig2 Last.year
xr3_yz57 Tax-Rate pay99 exam1_avg
 Keywords / Reserve Words
 Key words / Reserve Words
 Identifiers that are reserved to the use of the C++ language
 Example: int, break, if, else,
 return, float, double
 Cannot be used by the programmer to name things
 Consist of lowercase letters only asm do if return typedef

 Have special meaning to the compiler auto double else break typeid

 Total keywords: 48 new dynamic_cast switch case typename

class delete int sizeof union
goto reinterpret_cast long while register
default friend short for static
continue public signed unsigned true
inline protected float struct false
try private char this using
catch throw bool const_cast static_cast
const virtual void namespace enum
 Variable and Constants
x 12.5 1001
 Variable 1002
temperature 32
 A memory location whose content may change during program execution 1003
grade ‘c’
 Has a name and a data type e.g. int x; Double Number; Char grade; 1004
Number -
 Must be defined before use 1005
 ALWAYS has a value stored in it. 1006
 Implemented as a memory location. 1007
 Memory locations are actually labeled with variable names 1008
 Information stored is binary -- 0s and 1s 1009
 Every variable should be declare prior to use and must have a data type.
 When a block is nested inside another block:
 Constants  a variable declared in the inner block may
 A memory location whose content cannot be changed have the same name as a variable in the outer
block.
 Also known as Literals Example: const double PI = 3.14159;
 The variable in the inner block takes
 Scope of Variable: limited to the block in which it is declared. precedence over the variable in the outer
block.
 Local Variable
NOTE: Avoid this situation as much as possible
 Global Variable
 Declaration / Initialization
 Declaration
 Declaration specifies that a variable will hold what type of values
 General Syntax: Example:
Data_type identifier_name; double x;
 Variables with same data types can be declared using Comma separated list Example: int number1, number2, sum;
 Can be placed anywhere in the program, (practice to declare at the beginning of program)
 Use meaningful variable names. i.e. easier to read and debug
 variable contains arbitrary value after it is declared.

 Initialization
 Assignment of an initial value for a variable using (=) assignment operator
 General Syntax: Syntax: Example: int y = 45
Data_type identifier_name = value; CONST data_type identifier = value; Double x;
 Uninitialized variable will contain garbage value x = 4;
 Few compilers will catch this error, but most will issue a warning.
Example: CONST double PI = 3.14159;
 If not corrected, it will cause a logic error.
 To avoid logical error try to Initialize all variables when they are declared
 Note: initialization of the variable is optional with declaration of variable.
 Note initialization of the constant is required at the time of declaration.
 Data Types
 Data Types: what type of data store in memory
 A set of values + a set of operations.
 Based on the data type of a variable, the operating system allocates memory and decides what can
be stored in the reserved memory.
 The set of values for each type is known as the domain of data type
 Specify the space required in memory by declaring a variable
Standard Data Type Keyword
 Primitive Built-in Types Boolean bool
 offers the programmer built-in as well as user defined data types
Character char
 Provided as an integral part of C++
Integer int
 Requires no external code
Floating point float
 Consists of basic numerical types
 Majority of operations are symbols (e.g. +,-,*,…) Double floating point double
Valueless void
 Class data type
Wide character wchar_t
 Programmer-created data type
 Set of acceptable values and operations defined by a programmer using C++ code
 Data Type Modification
 Several of the basic types can be modified using following type modifiers:
 Signed, Unsigned
 Short, Long
 Different compilers have different internal limits on the largest and smallest values that can be stored in
each data type.

 Void: Represents the absence of type. It has no values and no operations. (Empty)
 Int: Natural size of integer
 Float: A single-precision floating point value
 Double: A double-precision floating point value
 Char: To hold ASCII character. It is of one byte.
 Bool: Stores either value true or false
 Integer Data Types
 A number without a fractional part, i.E. Int, short int and long int.
 Most common allocation for int is four bytes. Set of values are whole numbers:
integers
 Explicit signs allowed
 Commas, decimal points, and special signs not allowed a= 10
 Overwrite Value 1.int main() b=20
2.{ a= 10
3. Int a=10, b=20; b=10
4. cout << "a = " << a << " \n b= " << b<< endl;
5. b=a;
Type Sign Byte Number of bits
6. cout << "a = " << a << " \n b= " << b<< endl;
size
7.return 0;
8. } Short int Signed 2 16
 Examples of int: unsigned
 Valid: 0 5 -10 +25 1000 253 -26351 +36 Int Signed 4 32
Unsigned
 Invalid: $255.62 2,523 3. 6,243,982 1,492.89
Long int Signed 4 32
Unsigned
 Floating Point Data Types
 Number with a fractional part, such as 43.32.
 The C++ language supports three different sizes of floating-point: Type Byte Number of
size bits
1. Float
Float 4 32
2. Double Double 8 64
3. Long double Long double 10 80
 sizeof (float) <= sizeof (double) <= sizeof (long double)
1.int main()
 Round off / Truncate a= 10
2.{
3. Int a=10, b=20.5
4. float b=20.5; a= 20
5. cout << "a = " << a << " \n b= " << b<< endl; b=20.5
6. a=b;
7. cout << "a = " << a << " \n b= " << b<< endl;
8.return 0;
9. }
 Although the physical size of floating-point types is machine dependent, many
computers support the sizes shown below.
 Character Data Types
 A variable or a constant of char type can hold an ASCII character.
 Single character value: letter, digit, or special character enclosed in
single quotes
 Examples: ‘A’ ‘$’ ‘b’ ‘7’ ‘y’ ‘!’ ‘M’ ‘q’
 Examples:
 const char star = '*';
 char letter, one = '1';
 Used to store single characters
 Each character contained in two bytes
 Letters of the alphabet (upper- and lowercase)
 Digits 0 through 9
 Special symbols such as + $ . , - !
 Bool Data Types
 Represents Boolean (logical) data
 Restricted to true or false values
 Often used when a program must examine a specific condition
 If condition is true, the program takes one action;
 if false, it takes another action.
 Boolean data type uses an integer storage code
 String Data Type
 A Programmer-defined type #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 Requires #include <string> int main()
{
 A string is a sequence of characters int x=10;
 Enclosed in double quotes float y = 20.5;
char z = 'z', a= 65;
 "Hi Mom" cout << " Integer= " << x<<endl;
 "We're Number 1!" cout << "\n Size of Int=" << sizeof(int)<<endl;
cout << "\n Float= " << y << endl;
 "75607" cout << "\n Size of Float=" << sizeof(float)<<endl;
cout << " \n Char in z= " << z << endl;
cout << "\n Size of Char=" << sizeof(char)<<endl;
cout << " \n Char in a= " << a << endl;
cout << "\n Size of Short Int=" << sizeof(short int)<< endl;
cout << "\n Size of Long Int=" << sizeof(long int) << endl;
cout << "\n Size of Double=" << sizeof(double)<<endl;
cout << "\n Size of Boolean=" << sizeof(bool) << endl;
system("pause");
return 0;
} // end function main
How much memory type takes to store the value in
memory?
Type Bit Typical Range

char 1byte -127 to 127 or 0 to 255

unsigned char 1byte 0 to 255

signed char 1byte -127 to 127

int 4bytes -2147483648 to 2147483647

unsigned int 4bytes 0 to 4294967295

signed int 4bytes -2147483648 to 2147483647

short int 2bytes -32768 to 32767

unsigned short int Range 0 to 65,535

signed short int Range -32768 to 32767

long int 4bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

signed long int 4bytes same as long int

unsigned long int 4bytes 0 to 4,294,967,295

float 4bytes +/- 3.4e +/- 38 (~7 digits)

double 8bytes +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)

long double 8bytes +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)

wchar_t 2 or 4 bytes 1 wide character

 Operators
 Operators
 To perform various operations
 A symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations
 Associativity of Operator: the direction in which an Operator evaluates
 Left Associated
 Right Associated
 Arity of Operators: # of Operands on which an Operator operates
 Unary
 Binary Home Work:
 Ternary  PreFix
 Types of Operator (Based on Operations)  PostFix
 Following are built –in types of C++ Operators:
 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Other Operators
 Arithmetic Operators Program Output
 To perform arithmetic/mathematical operations on operands (DMAS Rule) The sum of 6 and 15 is 21
 Precedence same as in algebraic usage
 Display result of a numerical expression
 parentheses use to change the precedence
 Example:
 If Same Level of precedence:
 Cout << “The sum of 6 and 15 is ” << (6 + 15);
 Left to right
Operation Operator Operands Description
Addition + Op1+ Op2 Adds two operands
Subtraction - Op1 - Op2 Subtracts second operand from the first
Multiplication * Op1 * Op2 Multiplies both operands
Division / Dividend / divisor Divides numerator by de-numerator – return
Quotient
Modulus Division % Dividend % divisor Divides numerator by de-numerator – return
Remainder
Increment ++ Op1 ++ Increases integer value by one
Decrement -- Op1 -- Decreases integer value by one
 Relational Operators
 To compare the values of two operands  Display result of a Relational expression
 Parentheses use to change the precedence  Example: Program Output
 bool res = 6 < 15; 6 <15 is 1
 If Same Level of precedence:
 cout << "6 < 15 is " << res;
 Left to right

Operation Operator Operands Description

Equal == (Op1 == Op2) True if the values of two operands are equal.
Not Equal != (Op1 != Op2) True if the values of two operands are not equal.
Greater than > (Op1 > Op2) True if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand.
Less than < (Op1 < Op2) True if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand.
Greater than >= (Op1 >= Op2) True if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right
Equal operand.
Less than <= (Op1 <= Op2) True if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand.
Equal
 Logical Operators
 To combine two or more conditions/constraints or to complement the
evaluation of the original condition 1. int age;
2. cout << "Enter your age: ";
 Result of logical operator is a Boolean value (true / false) 3. cin >> age;
4. if(age >= 35 && age <= 80)
 Has Truth tables Op1 Op2 && ||
5. {
 Example: F F F F 6. cout << "You're between 35 and 80 and can save
F T F T money on your car insurance!" << endl;
Op ! 7. }
T F F T 8. else
F T 9. {
T T T T
T F 10. cout << "Sorry, we don't have any deals for you
today!" << endl;
11. }
12. return 0;

Operation Operator Operands Description

AND && (Op1 && Op2) If both the operands are True, then condition becomes true.
OR || (Op1 || Op2) If any of the two operands is True, then condition becomes true.
NOT ! Op1 ! If a condition is true, then NOT operator will make false.
 Bit Wise Operators
 To perform bit-level operations on the operands.
 The operators are first converted to bit-level and then calculation is performed
on the operands.
 The mathematical operations such as addition etc. can be performed at bit-level
for faster processing p q p&q p|q p^q
 Example: 0 0 0 0 0
 Booleans: 0 1 0 1 1
 0 = false = no 1 1 1 1 0
 1 = true = yes 1 0 0 1 1
Operation Operator Operands Description
AND & Op1 & Op2 copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands.
OR | Op1 | Op2 copies a bit if it exists in either operand.
XOR ^ Op1 ^ Op2 copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.
Complement ~ ~ Op1 unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits
 Assignment Operator
 To set the value of the variable on the left hand side of the equation to what is
written on the right hand side
 It looks like a math equation, but it is not an equation.
 Example:
 numberOfBars = 37;
 totalWeight = oneWeight;
 totalWeight = oneWeight * numberOfBars;
 numberOfBars = numberOfBars + 3;

Operation Operator Operands Description

Assignment = Op2 = (Expression / Op1) Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand.
Operator
 Other Operators
 some other operators available in C++ used to perform some specific

Operation Operator Operands Description

Size of Sizeof() sizeof(a) Sizeof operator returns the size of a variable.

Conditional ? Condition ? X : Y If condition is true then it returns value of X otherwise returns value of Y.

Comma , Causes a sequence of operations to be performed.

Pointer * * Op1 Pointer to a variable.

Address of & & Op1 Returns the address of a variable.

 Operator Precedence
Category Operator Associativity
 Determines the grouping of terms in Postfix () [] -> . ++ -- Left to right
an expression, when two or more Unary/Prefix ! ~ ++ -- (type) * & sizeof Right to left
operators appear. Multiplicative * / % Left to right

 This affects how an expression is Additive + - Left to right

evaluated. Shift << >> Left to right

Relational < <= > >= Left to right

 For example
Equality == != Left to right
 x = 7 + 3 * 2; Bitwise AND & Left to right
 First gets multiplied with 3*2 Bitwise XOR ^ Left to right
 Then adds into 7. Bitwise OR | Left to right

 x = (7 + 3) * 2; Logical AND && Left to right

Logical OR || Left to right

 x = 7 + 3 * 8 / 2;
Conditional ?: Right to left

Assignment = Right to left

Comma , Left to right

 Operator Precedence Rules
 Rules for expressions with multiple operators
 Two binary operators cannot be placed side by side
 Parentheses may be used to form groupings
 Expressions within parentheses are evaluated first
 Sets of parentheses may be enclosed by other parentheses
 Parentheses cannot be used to indicate multiplication,
multiplication operator (*) must be used.

 Operator Overriding makes it possible to change the predefine behavior of the

operators.
 Parenthesis are used to override the default precedence of operators.
 Expression
 Expressions
 Sequence of operators and their operands, that can be use for following reasons:
 Computing a value from the operands.
 Designating objects or functions.
 Generating "side effects."
 Side effects are any actions other than the evaluation of the expression - for example, modifying the
value of an object
 Mixed-mode expression
 Arithmetic expression containing integer and non-integer operands
 Rule for evaluating arithmetic expressions
 Both operands are integers: result is integer
 One operand is floating-point: result is floating-point
 Increment / Decrement Operator
 Increment
 Increase the value of Operand by one, also called Postfix Increment
 Right associated Unary operator
 Denoted by ++ e.g. x++ i.e. x = x+1;
Syntax:
Destination = Source++
 Where x  Variable_name Destination = Source--
 ++  increment operator
 Decrement
 Decrease the value of Operand by one , also called Postfix decrement
 Right associated operator
Prefix Increment / Decrement
 Denoted by -- e.g. x i.e. x = x-1;
When operator precedes its operand
 Where x  Variable_name Destination = ++ Source
 --  increment operator Destination = --Source
 Prefix / Postfix 1. int main()
2. {
1. # include <iostream>
1.int main() 1. int main() 3. Int x=10;
2. using namespace std;
2.{ 2. { 4. cout << " Prefix Increment / Decrement \n";
3. int main()
3. Int x=10; 3. Int x=10; 5. cout << " ------------------------------- \n";
4. {
4. cout << x << " = x \n"; 4. cout << x<<“ = x \n”; 6. cout << x << " = x \n \n";
5. Int x=10;
5. cout << x++ << " : x++ \n"; 5. ++x; 7. cout << ++x << " : ++x \n \n";
6. cout << x<<“ = x \n”;
6. //print 10 then post-increment 6. cout << x<<“ : ++x \n”; 8. // pre-increment then print 11
7. x++;
7. cout << x-- << " : x-- \n"; 7. --x; 9. cout << --x << " : --x \n \n";
8. cout << x<<“ : x++ \n”;
8. cout << x << " = x \n"; 8. cout << x<<“ : --x \n”; 10. cout << x << " = x \n \n"; return 0;
9. x--;
9.return 0; 9. return 0; 11. }
10. cout << x<<“ : x-- \n”;
10. } 10. } Prefix Increment / Decrement
11. return 0;
-------------------------------------
12. } 10 = x
10 = x 10 = x
10 : x++
Program Output 11 : x++
11 : x—
10 : x-- 11 : x++
10 = x 10 = x
11 : x++
10 : x—
10 : x--
10 = x
Assignment 1 (Submission)
+
QUIZ - I
(Next Class)
THANK YOU !