Q) Which weighs more:-
A kilogram of feathers or a kilogram of iron?
DENSITY
What is Density?
If you take the same volume of different substances,
then they will weigh different amounts.
Wood Water Iron
1 cm3 1 cm3 1 cm3
0.50 g 1.00 g 8.00 g
IRON
Q) Which has the greatest mass and therefore the most dense?
Density is the Mass per unit Volume
Density Equation:
g or kg
Density = Mass
m
Volume
gcm-3 or kgm-3
cm3 or m3
V
= m Example:
Q) Liquid water has a density of
V 1000kgm-3, while ice has density
of 920kgm-3.
V = m = 0.25 = 0.000250m3
1000 Calculate the volume occupied by
0.25kg of each.
V = m = 0.25 = 0.000272m3
920
DENSITY OF A REGULAR SOLID
m = 240 g
Find the Mass of
the solid on a
2.0 cm balance.
Measure the
three lengths and
= m = 240 =10.0 g/cm3 calculate the
3.0 cm
V 24 Volume.
(ie V = l x w x h )
Calculate the
4.0 cm
Density.
DENSITY OF AN IRREGULAR
SOLID
m = 360 g
= m = 360 =12.0 g/cm3
V 30
Find the Mass of the solid
on a balance.
80 cm3 Fill the Measuring Cylinder
with Water to a known
Volume.
50 cm3
Add the Object.
Work out the Volume of
Water that is displaced.
Calculate the Density.
DENSITY OF AN IRREGULAR
SOLID
OR use a Eureka Can to find the Volume.
Find the mass of the solid on
m = 440 g
a balance.
Add water until just
overflowing.
Place a Measuring Cylinder
under the spout.
Add the Object.
40.0 cm3
Collect the Water and read off
the Volume.
= m = 440 =11.0 g/cm3
V 40 Calculate Density
Mass of Liquid = Mass of Measuring Cylinder and Liquid – Mass of
DENSITY OFempty
A LIQUID
Measuring Cylinder
Find the Mass of an empty
Measuring Cylinder.
Add a certain Volume of
25.0 g
45.0
Liquid.
Find the Mass of the
Measuring Cylinder and Liquid
20.0 cm3
Calculate the Mass of Liquid.
How?
Calculate Density of Liquid.
45 – 25 = 20 g
= m = 20 =1.00 g/cm3
V 20
DENSITY OF A GAS
Remove the air from
To vacuum flask a flask of a known
Volume, using a
vacuum pump.
Find its Mass.
150.0
170.0gg
Add the gas to be
1000 cm3 tested.
Reweigh.
170 -150 = 20.0g The difference is the
Mass of gas.
= m = 20 =0.0200 g/cm3 Calculate Density.
V 1000
Gravity
Gravity is an attractive force that affects anything with mass:
Note that this
force goes both
ways – the Earth
is attracted to us.
Gravity on different
planets:
Earth – gravitational field
strength = 9.8N/Kg
Jupiter – gravitational
field strength = 25N/Kg
Summing up Mass and Weight
Your MASS is the amount of material in
your body.
Your MASS doesn’t depend on where you
are.
Your WEIGHT is how much your body
pushes down on a scale.
Your WEIGHT depends on how much
MASS you have and where you are.
Inertia
A property of matter
The tendency of an object to resist any
change in its motion
The greater the mass the greater the inertia
The greater the speed the greater the inertia
Thus, Mass of an object is the measure of its
inertia.
scalars and vectors
Physical quantities can be categorised into two types:
Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities
quantities that have
quantities that have
both magnitude
only magnitude
and direction
scalars and vectors
vectors (forces)
Two or more forces acting on a body can be replaced by a single
force called the resultant force (also called net force or unbalanced
force).
addition of forces subtraction of forces
F1
F2 F1
F2
F F
resultant force F = F1 + F2 resultant force F = F2 – F1
scalars and vectors
parallelogram law of vector addition
Vectors acting at an angle can be added using the parallelogram law.
The parallelogram law of vector addition states that
If two vectors acting at a point are represented by the sides of a
parallelogram drawn from that point, their resultant is represented
by the diagonal which passes through that point of the
parallelogram.
scalars and vectors
parallelogram law of vector addition
F1
F2
1. Two vectors are given. Use a suitable scale to represent their units.
E.g. 1 cm : 10 N. Draw them joined tail to tail.
2. Add parallel and of equal magnitude (length) vectors to the diagram to
form a parallelogram.
3. The resultant of the original two vectors is represented by the diagonal.
measurement of time
the period of a simple pendulum
Time can also be measured by
using the following simple pendulum
pendulum. bob tied to
one end of a
oscillations are regularly thread
repeating motions
the period is time in which 1
oscillation occurs
A O B
Distance and Displacement
Distance Displacement
Distance is the total path length Displacement is the distance
traveled from one location to between two locations measured
another. along the shortest path connecting
them, in a specified direction.
Distance is a scalar quantity. It Displacement is a vector
has magnitude but no direction. quantity. It involves both
magnitude and direction
The SI unit of distance and displacement is meter (m)
Displacement = 70 m
A B
Distance = 100 m
Displacement-Time Graph
Displacement / cm Displacement / cm
Time / s Time / s
Zero gradient – object stationary Increasing gradient – Increasing velocity
Displacement / cm
Displacement / cm
Time / s
Time / s
Fixed gradient – Uniform velocity
Decreasing gradient – decreasing velocity
Velocity-Time Graph
Velocity / cms-1 Velocity / cms-1 Velocity / cms-1
Time / s Time / s Time / s
Uniform velocity,
Uniform acceleration Uniform deceleration
zero acceleration
Velocity / cms-1 Velocity / cms-1 Velocity / cms-1
Time / s Time / s Time / s
Increasing acceleration Decreasing acceleration Decreasing deceleration
• Acceleration = gradient of the graph
• Displacement = area under the graph
Summary
The gradient of a velocity-time graph gives the acceleration
The area under a velocity-time graph gives the displacement
h
Area of a triangle baseheight b h
2 2
b
Area of a trapezium sum of parallel sides distance between them
2
b (a b) h
a 2
h
Conduction
When you heat a metal strip at one end, the heat
travels to the other end.
As you heat the metal, the particles vibrate, these
vibrations make the adjacent particles vibrate, and so on
and so on, the vibrations are passed along the metal and
so is the heat. We call this? Conduction
Water movement
Cools at the Convection
surface current
Cooler Hot water
water sinks rises
