INTRODUCTION
POWER ELECTRONIC (PE) SYSTEM
• Chapter – I : Introduction.
• Chapter – II : Rectifier.
• Chapter – III : Controlled Rectifier.
• Chapter – IV : Inverter.
• Chapter – V : DC Chopper.& AC
Voltage Controller
• Harmonic and Filter.
1.Introductions
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CONVERTER CLASSIFICATION
AC to DC : Rectifier
AC input DC output
DC to AC : Inverter
DC input AC output
DC to DC : Chopper
DC input DC output
AC to AC : Cycloconverter and Matrix
AC input AC output
3
POWER ELECTRONIC SYSTEM
To convert electrical energy from one form to
another, i.e. from the source to load with:
highest efficiency,
highest availability
highest reliability
lowest cost,
smallest size
least weight.
4
SCOPE AND APPLICATIONS
Static applications
involves non-rotating or moving mechanical
components.
Examples:
DC Power supply, Un-interruptible power supply, Power
generation and transmission (HVDC), Electroplating,
Welding, Heating, Cooling, Electronic ballast.
5
SCOPE AND APPLICATIONS
Drive applications
intimately contains moving or rotating components
such as motors.
Examples:
Electric trains, Electric vehicles, Air-conditioning
System, Pumps, Compressor, Conveyer Belt (Factory
automation).
6
Aplikasi
Modul Lab Elda
2.Power Semikonduktor
II : CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
Definiton :
Controlled rectifier means to have control process at
rectifier. This control process uses thyristor. Thyristor
operates like diode, only conduct in one direction or
forward bias operation. But thyristor I need impulse as
a
input at Gate Apin.
(Anode)
Ia
Ig>0 Ig=0
+ Ih
Vr
Ig Vak Ibo
_
G (Gate) Vak
Vbo
K (Cathode) v-i characteristics
11 Thyristor: Symbol
CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
Half Cycle Controlled Rectifier
12
CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
Half cycle controlled rectifier with inductive
and resistive load
13
CONTROLLED
TRIGGER SIGNAL RECTIFIER
14
GENERATE THE TRIGGER
CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
15
CONTROLLED
Controlled RECTIFIER
rectifier single phase full cycle.
16
Controlled rectifier three phase full cycle.
CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
17
Ideal rectifier waveform.
CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
18
CHAPTER
Definiton :
– IV : INVERTER
Inverter or DC-AC Converter is a device that
convert DC power to AC. It is typical used in
UPS, HVDC or industrial drive motor.
Diagram block of inverter
INVERTER
Two type of inverter :
1. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is an inverter that use DC voltage
as source, assigned by parallel capacitor at output side (figure. a)
2. Current Source Inverter (CSI) is an inverter that use DC current as
source, assigned by series inductor at output side (figure b.)
Figure a. VSI
Figure b. CSI
INVERTER
VSI with DC Link Variable
VSI with DC Variable
Waveform with Variable DC
INVERTER
VSI with DC Link Constant
In this inverter type, use DC constant as input. Voltage
magnitude and frequency depend on PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation) technique.
INVERTER
CSI (Current source inverter)
This inverter use the chopped DC input current as
source, to generate AC output current. In this inverter
type, use large inductor L.
Single Phase Inverter Square Wave (VSI Control)
INVERTER
Three Phase Square Wave Inverter (VSI controlled)
INVERTER - EXAMPLE
Three phase inverter use 6 thyristor with triggers S1, S2, S3,
S4, S5, and S6. The figure shows simple circuit of 3 phase
inverter. Figure 4.16 shows trigger sequence from S1 until S6
dan inverter output waveform.
Trigger sequence and output waveform
INVERTER - EXAMPLE
Triggers sequence are 561 (V1) 612 (V2) 123 (V3)
234 (V4) 345 (V5) 456 (V6). Where 561 means S5, S6,
and S1 is ON. The cycle has 6 steps from 561 until reach 561
again. From this cycle, the inverter is called six step inverter.
INVERTER - EXAMPLE
Trigger sequence and output waveform
Line to line voltage (Vab, Vbc, and Vca) according to equation :
INVERTER - EXAMPLE
Line to neutral voltage (VaN, VbN, and VcN) according to equation :
Fundamental frequency voltage (Vab)1(rms) :
Harmonic frequency voltage (Vab)h (rms)
With h = 6n+1 (n = 1, 2 , 3, …)
CHAPTER – V : DC CHOPPER
Definiton :
A chopper is a static device which is used to obtain
a variable dc voltage from a constant dc voltage
source. Choppers has two type based on their
function :
Step-down chopper
Step-up chopper
In step-down choppers, the output voltage will be
less than the input voltage, whereas in step-up
choppers output voltage will be more than the
input voltage.
CHAPTER
Principle of Step–Down
V : Chopper
DC CHOPPER
Step-down chopper with resistive load. The thyristor in the
circuit acts as a switch. When thyristor is in ON position, supply
voltage appears across the load and when thyristor is in OFF
position, the voltage across the load will be zero.
Operation When Switch Turned Off (open)
Turned on (close).
DC CHOPPER
Principle of Step Up Chopper
DC CHOPPER
Step up converter is a device that generate output voltage dc
bigger than input voltage dc. When the switch is closed, diode is
in reverse mode, so the output is isolated. Input voltage supplies
the energy to inductor. When the switch is opened, the load gets
the energy from inductor and input, and then the output voltage
is greater than input voltage. Output voltage is maintained
constantly by using large capacitor C.
DC CHOPPER
Operation When Switch Turned Off (open)
Turned on (close).
3.Rectifier Controller
3 Phasa
Kontrol SCR
Vs Q2 Q1 L C12 V11 C10 R9
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9
TCA 785
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Qs Q2 Qu Q1 Vsync I Qz Vref
V sinkronisasi
220V/48V
TRANFORMATOR
TIGA FASA
SET POINT PENYEARAH TIGA
IC TCA 785 BEBAN INDUKTIF
POTENSIOMETER FASA
CATU DAYA DC
+15V
4.AC Voltage Controller 1 Phasa
AC Voltage controller 3 Phasa
5.Inverter adalah
INVERTER
- Suatu peralatan konversi energi yang dapat mengubah tegangan dan frekwensi
keluaran AC dalam mengontrol perputaran sebuah motor induksi.
AC Input Converter Intermediate Braking Inverter
circuit
AC Input Konversi AC ke DC Output
1. Tegangan berbeda 1. Tegangan berbeda
2. Frekwensi tetap. 1. Konversi AC ke DC 2. Frekwensi variabel DC
50 / 60 Hz 2. Energi disimpan ~ 1kHz
3. Tegangan tetap pada kapasitor 3. Tegangan Variabel.
( 220V, 380V, 6600V..) (0V ~ Maks Teg. Input)
AC Drive
VFD (Variable Frequency Drive), ASD (Adjustable Speed Drive)
VVVF (Variable Voltage Variable Frequency)
39/32
Wiring Diagram
Gelombang Inverter
www.automation-talk.info
Rangkaian Daya Inverter 3 Phasa
HARMONIC
Environment Friendly Motor Drive
Matrix Converter
Varispeed AC
Harmonic pd Rectifier 3 Phasa Full
Wave
Inverter LS iG5A
• Ukuran sangat compact
• Volts/hertz dan kontrol vektor sensorless
• Torsi 150% merata disemua frekwensi
• Parameter motor auto-tuning pada posisi stop
• Frekwensi pembawa 1 ~ 15 KHz
• Deteksi Ground fault saat run
• Fasilitas kontrol PID
• Fungsi Up/down & pengoperasian 3-wire
• Fasilitas keypad remote
• Input analog 0~10Vdc, -10~+10Vdc
• Pemilihan signal input PNP/NPN
• Pemilihan konfigurasi I/O
• Fasilitas komunikasi ModBus (RS485)
• Fasilitas Braking IGBT
SKEMA SOFTSTARTER
46/32
Wiring Diagram
FILTER AND HARMONIC
HARMONIC
What are harmonics ?
Harmonics are voltages
and currents at frequencies
that are multiples of utility
power freqeuncy.
HARMONIC
Where do harmonics come from ?
Harmonics current result from
loads that draw power in non sine
wave format.
These are so called non linear loads
HARMONIC
Some specific harmonic sources :
Linier load examples :
a. Resistance devices – heater, incandescent lamps.
b. Induction motors.
c. Capacitor banks.
Non - Linier load examples :
a. Arc welder and arc furnaces.
b. Ballasts.
c. Rectifiers.
d. Computers, switching power supplies.
e. Dc drives, Ac drives.
f. Switch capacitor banksg.
HARMONIC
Some harmonic producers :
HARMONIC
Example harmonic in Power system:
FILTER
CLASSIFICATION
• Low-Pass
• High-Pass
• Band-Pass
• Band-Reject
IMPLEMENTATION
• Passive Implementation (R,L, C)
• Active Implementation (Op-Amp, R, L, C)
• Continuous time and discrete time.
FILTER
Low Pass Filter is passes the frequency that lower than fcutoff
and suppress the frequency that higher than fcutoff. For some
AC motor drive application, filter is not required.
Main Component of UPS
Rectifier- Charger
Inverter
Transfer Switches
Battery
Konfigurasi Dasar Sistem AC
Uninterruptible Power Supply
Konfigurasi UPS Tunggal
Konfigurasi UPS Parallel Redundant
Konfigurasi Dual UPS
Profil Beban AC UPS
Wellpad B
Total Beban : 24325 Watt
15% desain kontingensi : 3648,75 Watt
Total : 27973,75 Watt
Total Ah (2 jam) : 250,25 Ah
15% desain kontingensi : 36,86 Ah
Total : 287,11 Ah
Kalkulasi AC UPS Wellpad
B
Kondisi Operasi
Tegangan input AC UPS : 400 VAC 3 phase
Efisiensi inverter : 0.9
Power factor (p.f) : 0.9
Tegangan output AC UPS : 230 VAC 1 phase
Total konsumsi Ah (Ahc) pada total beban + desain kontingensi 15%
adalah 287,11 Ah (berdasarkan profil beban)
Jumlah Sel
Tegangan nominal sistem DC diatur pada 220 VDC
Tegangan maks. = VDC + (10% VDC) Jumlah sel yang dipilih
= 220V + 22V 108 sel (18 blok baterai)
= 242V
Tegangan min. = VDC - (10% VDC) Tegangan min. baterai:
= 220V – 22V
= 198V -> =
Float Voltage = 2.25V/sel
= 1,83 V/sel
Jumlah sel maks. =
= 107,56 sel
Kapasitas Ah yang dibutuhkan
Design Margin (Dm) : 15%
Design Aging Factor (Da) : 25%
Temp. Correction (K1) : 1 (pada suhu 25°C) -> IEEE Std. 485-997
Altitude Correction (K2) : 1 (pada ketinggian kurang dari 1000 meter) -> IEC 62040-3
Total Ah dibutuhkan (AhR) : Ahc x Dm x Da x K1 x K2
: 287,11Ah x 1.15 x 1.25 x 1 x 1
: 412,72 Ah
Total Ah dibutuhkan untuk konfigurasi baterai 2 x50% (AhR/2)
: AhR x 50%
: 206,36 Ah
Total Ah dibutuhkan dengan desain maksimum 80% Depth of Discharge
: 257,95 Ah
Pemilihan Baterai
Synthetic Time, TS (durasi backup) : 2 jam
Battery Peak Discharge Current @ TS, Acell : 142A (berdasarkan data katalog
GNB Absolyte IIP)
Battery set in parallel (Ps) :1
Kapasitas Ah baterai : Ps x Acell x TS
: 1x 142A x 2h
: 284Ah
Depth of Discharge :
:
: 72,66%
Kebutuhan Inverter
Total beban + desain kontingensi 15% : 27.257,30 W
Inverter rating :
:
: 34535,49 kVA
Inverter rating dipilih : 35 kVA
Iout :
:
: 152,17 A
Kebutuhan Rectifier
(Battery Charger)
Total beban + desain kontingensi 15% : 27.257,30 W
Arus pengisian baterai (Ic) : -> IEEE Std. 946 - 1992
:
: 28,37 A
Arus input inverter :
:
: 127,153 A
Charger current minimum : Ic + Inverter Input Current
: 28,37 A + 127,15 A
: 155,52 A
Charger rating dipilih : 160A
