Prepared by:

San Francisco High School, QC

Lecturer:
ERNESTO V. MONTENEGRO
• Math Teacher ( 2007 – 2015 ) – San Francisco High School –QC
- MTAP Trainer
• Senior High School Teacher ( 2015 – 2018 )
- Ivanna Eudora Kean HS – United States Virgin Island
- Masters Degree at University of Virgin Island, US V.I
• Jr. & Sr. High School Math Teacher ( July 2018 – present )
San Francisco High School - QC
Multiplication Rule:
Suppose there are n1 ways for which one event or action can take
place, n2 ways for a second event or action to take place independently
of the first action, and n3 ways for a third action to occur independently
of the first two actions. Then, the total number of ways for the three
events / actions to occur in succession is
n1 x n2 x n3
The principle can be extended to any number of events / actions that
occur in succession independently of each other, n = 1, 2, . . ., np . The
total number of ways for all the events / actions to occur in succession
is as follows:
n1 x n2 x n 3 x . . . np
Examples:
1.) Suppose you have 5 skirts and 6 blouses. Assuming that each skirt
can be paired with any blouse, in how many different ways can you
dress up?
By multiplication Rule:
n1 = 5 n2 = 6

Number of ways = n1 x n2
= 5x6
= 30
Examples:

2.) How many six-digit numbers that can formed using the digits 1, 2, 3,
4, 5 and 6 if repetitions are not allowed?
n = the number of digits that can be placed in each place value
of the numbers

_______ x _______ x ________ x ________ x ________ x _________

n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6

720 six-digit numbers can be formed

Addition Rule:
In the sequence of events in which the first one has n1 possibilities, the
second has n2 possibilities, the third has n3, and so on, and if the events
are mutually exclusive, then the number of possible outcomes will be
n1 + n2 + n3

The principle can be extended to any number of events / actions that

occur in succession independently of each other, n = 1, 2, . . ., np . The
total number of ways for all the events / actions to occur in succession
is as follows:
n1 + n2 + n3 + . . . np
Examples:
1.) How many numbers greater than 5000 can be formed from the
digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 using each digit only once in each number?
There are two mutually exclusive events:
a. forming four-digit numbers greater than 5000 ( n1 )
b. forming five-digit numbers greater than 5000 ( n2 )
By addition Rule:
Number greater than 5000 = n1 + n2
n1 = _____ x ______ x ________ x _______ = 24 ways
n2 = _____ x _____ x ________ x _______ x _______ = 120 ways

Number greater than 5000 = 24 + 120

= 144
Examples:
2.) How many 3-digit even numbers can be formed from the digits 0, 1,
2, 3, and 4 using each digit only once in each number?
There are two mutually exclusive events:
a. forming 3-digit numbers ending with 0 ( n1 )
b. forming 3-digit numbers ending with 2 or 4 ( n2 )
By addition Rule:
Number of 3-digit even numbers = n1 + n2
n1 = _____ x ______ x ________ = 12 numbers
n2 = _____ x _____ x ________ = 18 numbers
Number of 3-digit even numbers = 12 + 18
= 30
The short way of writing 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 is 6!

For any positive integer n,

n! = ( n – 1 )( n – 2 ) . . . 2(1).

By convention
0! = 1 and 1! = 1
Examples:
1. 7! = 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 540

2. 𝟖! 𝟖𝒙𝟕𝒙𝟔𝒙𝟓𝒙𝟒𝒙𝟑𝒙𝟐𝒙𝟏
= = 336
𝟓! 𝟓𝒙𝟒𝒙𝟑𝒙𝟐𝒙𝟏
I. Calculate:

1. 5! = 120 6. 7! – 5! = 5 160

2. 9! = 362 880 7. ( 5! )( 6! ) = 86 400

3. ( 5! )2 = 14 400 8. ( 8! )( 7! ) = 203 212 800

𝟖!
4. ( 7! )2 = 25 401 600 9. = 56
𝟔!

𝟏𝟑!
5. 7! – 5! = 4 920 10. = 17 160
𝟗!
II. Use the Fundamental Principle of Counting to solve the following problems.

1. In how many ways can the letters in the word LOVE be

arranged? Ans: 24
2. How many three-letter words can be formed from the
word MATH if each word begins and ends with a
consonant? Ans: 12
3. In how many ways can four tossed coins fall? Ans: 16
4. In how many different ways can a true-false test consisting
of 8 questions be answered. Ans: 256
II. Use the Fundamental Principle of Counting to solve the following problems.

5. How any 4-letter codes can be formed from the letters of

the alphabet that begins and ends with different consonant
and with two distinct vowels in between? Ans: 8 400

6. How many 3-digit numbers can be formed form the digits 0,

1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 if repetitions are allowed? Ans: 1 080
a) How many numbers are even? Ans: 90
b) How many are odd? Ans: 90
II. Use the Fundamental Principle of Counting to solve the following problems.

7. How many 4-digit numbers can be formed from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

and 5 if:
a. There are no restrictions? Ans: 1080
b. The digits cannot be repeated? Ans: 300
c. The numbers formed are even? Ans: 540
d. The number formed are less than 5000? Ans: 864
e. The numbers formed are odd and less than 5000? : 432
f. The digits in c to e cannot be repeated?
c. Ans: 156 d. Ans: 240 e. Ans: 120
III. Problem Solving

1. Suppose from your house to market, there are four

different routes, and from the market to your school, there
are five different routes. In how many ways can you go from
your house to the market and from market to your school?
Ans: 120
2. Suppose you have 5 pants and 7 T-shirts and 3 pairs of
shoes. Assuming that any if these 3 can be matched, in how
many ways can you dress up? Ans: 105
III. Problem Solving

3. In a certain restaurant, a person can choose from 7 viands,

plain, fried or java rice, 4 kinds of beverages and 5 kinds of
desserts. In how many ways can this person choose if he is to
order one from each group.
Ans: 420
4. In how many ways can gold, silver and bronze medals be
awarded to 10 participants in a math contest?
Ans: 720
III. Problem Solving
5. A certain university offers 7 different courses for 8:00 AM
classes. In how many ways can a student choose his 8:00 AM
class? Ans: 7
6. In how many ways can a king of diamonds, ace of hearts
and ace of clubs be drawn from a standard deck of 52 cards.
Ans: 1
7. Clarence is taking a matching type of test in which he is
supposed to match four answers with four questions. In how
many different ways can he answer the four questions?
Ans: 24
III. Problem Solving

8. In how many ways can 10 books be arranged in a shelf if a

book of 5 volume set must be together and arranged by their
volume number? Ans: 720
9. In how many ways can 5 boys and 4 girls arrange
themselves in a row for pictorial if the boys and girls must
stand in alternate position? Ans: 2880
10. In how many ways can 6 boys and 6 girls be seated in a
row of 12 seats if boys and girls are to occupy alternate seats?
Ans: 1 036 800
III. Problem Solving

11. In how many ways can a photographer take pictures of

seven friends at least three at a time?
Ans: 13 650
12. Six couples bought tickets to a movie. Their seats are next
to each other in a single row. How many seating
arrangements are possible if each couple is to sit side by side?
Ans: 46 080
III. Problem Solving

13. A license plate consists of 3 letters followed by 3

digits. How many plate numbers are possible if:
a) There are no restrictions? Ans: 17 576 000
b) No letter and digit is repeated? Ans: 11 232 000
c) The letter must be consonants and digits must be the
same? Ans: 92 610
d) The letters must be vowels and the digits must be odd?
Ans: 15 625
III. Problem Solving

14. The nine board members, 5 males and 4 females, of a

certain cooperative are to elect a chairman, a vice chairman, a
secretary and a treasurer.
a) In how many ways can the 4 different officers be elected
from among the board members? Ans: 3024

b) If the cooperative rules require the chairman and the

secretary to be of the same sex, while the vice chairman
and the treasurer be the opposite sex, in how many
ways can the election of the officers be made?
Ans: 480
III. Problem Solving

15. How many 5-letter codes can be formed from the word
NUMBERS if there is no restriction? Ans: 2520

a) How many of them begin and end in a consonant?

Ans: 1200
b) How many of them begin with a vowel and end in a
consonant? Ans: 600
III. Problem Solving

16. Using the word LINEAR, how many

a) 3-letter code words can be formed? Ans: 120
b) 3-letter code words can be formed starting with
letter L? Ans: 20
c) 4-letter code words can be formed starting with
letter L? Ans: 60
d) 4-letter code words can be formed starting and
ending with a consonant? Ans: 72
Definitions:

• Experiment – any activity from which an observation

or a measurement may be obtained
• Trial – any performance or repetition of an
experiment
• Outcome – any result of the experiment
• 𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 – the set of all possible outcomes
• Sample point – an element of the sample space
• Event – any subset of the sam0le space
Example:

“Tossing a coin twice”

Experiment – tossing a coin
Trial – tossing the coin twice
Outcome - HH or HT or TH or TT
Sample Space – { HH, TH, HT, TT }
Sample point – any of the outcome
Event – number of Heads or Tails that will come up
A. Determine the sample space and the number of
elements in the space of each of the following
experiments:
1. Tossing a coin once. { H, T } n(S) = 2
2. Rolling a die
{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } n(S) = 6
3. Tossing two coins together.
{ HH, TH, HT, TT } n(S) = 4
4. Tossing a coin and a die together.
{ H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 } n(S) = 12
5. Rolling a pair of dice.
{ (1,1), (1,2), (1,3) , , , , ( 6,4), (6,5), (6,6) } n(S) = 36
6. Drawing a card from a standard deck of cards.
n(S) = 52
B. The digits 4, 5 , 6 and 7 are written on a slip of
paper. Two slips are picked at random one after the
other.
1) What is the sample space if the second slip is picked
without replacing the first slip that was taken?
{ 45, 46, 47, 54, 56, 57, 64, 65, 67, 74, 75, 76 }
2) What is the sample space if the first slip is replaced
before picking the second?
{ 44, 45, 46, 47, 54, 55, 56, 57, 64, 65, 66, 67,
74, 75, 76, 77 }
C. A pair of dice is rolled.

1) What is the event (A) that the same number is on the

two faces?
{ (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6) }
2) What is the event (B) that the sum of the numbers is 8?
{ (2,6), (3,5), (4,4), (5,3), (6,2) }
3) What is the event (C) that the sum of the numbers is at
least 9?
{ (3,6), (4,5), (5,4), (6,3), (4,6), (5,5), (6,4), (5,6), (6,5), (6,6) }
D. Three fair coins are tossed. Find the event that:
1) two tails and a head come up
{ TTH, THT, HTT }
2) at least two heads come up
{ HHT, HTH, THH, HHH }
3) at least two tails or at least two heads come up
{ TTH, THT, HTT, TTT, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH }
E. A card is chosen at random from a standard deck of
cards. Find the event that the card chosen is
1. A diamond
{ ace of diamonds, 2 of diamonds, . . . , king of diamonds }
2. A king
{ king of diamonds, king of spades, king of hearts, king of clubs }

3. An ace or a jack
{ ace of hearts, ace of diamonds, ace of clubs, ace of spades,
jack of hearts, jack of spades, jack of diamonds, jack of clubs }
Definitions:

• The probability of an event is the ratio of the number of ways

that an event can occur to the total number of outcomes when
each outcome is equally likely to occur. In symbols, the
probability of an event E is,
𝑛(𝐸)
P(E)=
𝑛(𝑆)
Where n ( E ) represents the number of ways E can occur
n ( S ) represents the number of possible outcomes in
the sample space S
Example:

Two coins are tossed. What is the probability of two tails

appearing?

Solution:
S = { HH, TH, HT, TT }
if we denote the required event E, then E = {TT}
n(E) = 1 and n(S) = 4
𝑛(𝐸) 1
P(E)= =
𝑛(𝑆) 4
1. A die is rolled. Determine the probability of the
following events.

a) A = { even number appears } 𝟏

Ans:
𝟐
𝟏
b) B = { an odd number appears } Ans:
𝟐
𝟐
c) C = { a number less than 5 appears } Ans: 𝟑
2. Two fair dice are rolled. Determine the probability of
the following events.
a) A = { one of the number is 4 and the other is odd }
𝟏
Ans:
𝟔
b) B = { both numbers are even and greater than or equal
to 3 } Ans: 𝟏
𝟗
𝟓
c) C = { a sum of 8 appears } Ans:
𝟑𝟔

𝟏𝟕
d) D = { a sum greater than 6 appears } Ans:
𝟏𝟐
3. A card is drawn form a standard deck of cards.
Determine the probability of the following events.
𝟏
a) The card drawn is a queen Ans:
𝟏𝟑

𝟏
b) The card drawn is 5 from the suit of hearts Ans:
𝟓𝟐
𝟐
c) The card drawn is a king or a queen Ans:
𝟏𝟑
𝟔
d) The card drawn is at most 6 Ans: 𝟏𝟑
𝟑
e) The card drawn is a face card Ans:
𝟏𝟑
4. The numbers 1 to 50 are written on slips of paper, placed
into a box and mixed thoroughly. Two numbers are drawn
together at random. What is the probability of the following
events?
𝟏𝟐
a) A = { both numbers drawn are even } Ans:
𝟒𝟗
𝟏𝟐
b) B = { both numbers drawn are odd } Ans:
𝟒𝟗
𝟗
c) C = { both numbers are divisible by 5 } Ans:
𝟐𝟒𝟓
𝟐
d) D = { one number is divisible by 5 and the other by 7 } Ans:
𝟑𝟓
5. Five men and six women are seated at random in a
row. What is the probability that:
𝟏
a) All men are seated together? Ans:
𝟔𝟔
𝟏
b) All women are seated together? Ans: 𝟕𝟕

𝟏
c) Men and women are seated alternately Ans:
𝟒𝟔𝟐
6. Four men and four women are seated a random in a
row. What is the probability that:

𝟏
a) All men are seated together? Ans:
𝟏𝟒
𝟏
b) All women are seated together? Ans: 𝟏𝟒

𝟏
c) Men and women are seated alternately? Ans:
𝟑𝟓
7. Two cards are drawn at random from a standard
deck of 52 cards without replacement. What is the
probability that: 𝟏𝟏
a) Both cards are face cards? Ans: 𝟐𝟐𝟏
𝟏
b) Both cards are from the suits of diamonds? Ans:
𝟏𝟕

c) One of the card is an ace and the other is a face? 𝟖

Ans:
𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟐𝟏
d) Both cards are not face cards? Ans: 𝟏𝟕
𝟐𝟓
e) Both cards are black? Ans: 𝟏𝟎𝟐
Definitions:

• Two events or subset of a sample space are said to be mutually

exclusive if their intersection is empty.
Theorem:
• If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then
P(A∪B)= P(A)+P(B)
• For any two events A and B of the same experiment, which are not
mutually exclusive, the probability of the union of A and B is
P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)–P(A∩B)
Example:

1. One number is picked up at random from a box with slips of paper

numbered 1 to 40. Find the probability that the number is even or a
multiple of 7.

Solution: Since the events are NOT mutually exclusive, then we have
P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)–P(A∩B)
20 5 2
= + −
40 40 40
23
=
40
Example:

2. In a class of 50 students, 21 belong to Math club only, 17 belong to

English Club only, 6 belong to both clubs while the rest belong to
neither club. What is the probability of the event that the students
belong to Math Club only or to neither club?

Solution: two events are mutually exclusive, so we have

P(A∪B)= P(A)+P(B)
21 6
= +
50 50
27
=
50
1. Two-digit numbers are formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 5 and
7 without repetition. What is the probability that the
number drawn
𝟏𝟐
a) Is an even number or divisible by 3? Ans: 𝟐𝟓
𝟐
b) Is an even number or is divisible by 5? Ans:
𝟓
𝟏𝟐
c) Is divisible by 3 or 5? Ans:
𝟐𝟓
2. A card is drawn at random from a standard
deck of 52 cards. What is the probability that it is:
𝟏𝟏
a) A heart or a face card? Ans: 𝟐𝟔

𝟒
b) An ace or a diamond? Ans: 𝟏𝟑

𝟒
c) A face card or an ace? Ans:
𝟏𝟑
3. In a mathematics Club, there are five Grade 7 students,
six Grade 8 students, four Grade 9 students and seven
Grade 10 students. One student is chosen at random.
What is the probability that the student chosen is
𝟗
a) A Grade 7 or a Grade 9? Ans: 𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟑
b) A Grade 8 or a Grade 9? Ans:
𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏
c) A Grade 9 or a Grade 10? Ans:
𝟐𝟐
4. A committee consists of 9 females and 12 males. One third
of the females and half of the males are seniors. The
committee elected a chairman. What is the probability that
the chairman is

a) A male or a female? Ans: 1

𝟓
a) A male or a senior? Ans:
𝟕
𝟓
a) A female or a senior? Ans:
𝟕
5. A fair die is rolled and a fair coin is tossed. What is
the probability that the event of
𝟑
a) Rolling an odd number or tossing a tail? Ans: 𝟒

𝟕
b) Rolling a 3 or tossing a head? Ans:
𝟏𝟐
6. A license plate consists of 3 letters followed by 3
digits. What is the probability that license plate
contains

a) Consonants and the digits are the same? Ans: 𝟐𝟏𝟑 .𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝟔𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟑

b) Vowels and the digits are odd? Ans: 𝟓𝟑 .𝟗 . 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓

𝟐𝟔𝟑 .𝟏𝟎𝟑