BUILDING TELECOMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS
BY: VINCENT JAMES A. CAINTIC
 Historical Perspective

• Methods of communicating over long distances have

evolved over many millenia. Although carrier pigeons
were used to convey messages from about 700 BCE.
• The first long distance communication systems were
based on signals of sound and light.
• Signal fires alerted the British of the arrival of the
Spanish Armada in 1588 C.E.
• The Chinese used rockets as signals to warn of an
imminent attack on the Great Wall.
• Until almost 1800, traditional long-distance
communication was by horse-mounted dispatch riders.
• In 1793 Frenchman Claude Chappe developed an
optical telegraph (semaphore) system of stations built on
rooftops or towers that were visible from a great
distance.
• Communications by sending electrical signals over wires
came only after the demonstration of electromagnetism
by Danish physicist Christian Oersted in 1820 and
electrical flow by Michael Faraday and others before him.
• In 1830, American Joseph Henry transmitted the first
practical electrical signal by sending electricity through a
long set of wires to produce electromagnetism that was
used to ring a bell.
• In 1831, Samuel Morse patented the first functional
electrical communication system: the electric telegraph.
• The first message sent by electric telegraph was “What
hath God wrought,” from Supreme Court Room in the
U.S> Capitol to the railway depot at Baltimore on May
24, 1844.
• On March 10,1876, in Boston, Alexander graham Bell
invented an electrical speech machine that transmitted
voice over wires and became known as a telephone.
• In 1895, Italian inventor Gugliemo Marconi demonstrated
the first radio transmission that received out of a line of
sight on the grounds of his family estate in Italy.
• In 1865, Italian physicist Giovanni Caselli
invented a pan telegraph fro transmitting
pictures, the first commercial fax system.
• On May 19, 1924, the first transmission of
pictures over telephone wires was publicly
demonstrated.
• On January 23, 1926, John Logie Baird of
Scotland gave the first public demonstration of a
mechanical television with images of living
human faces, not just outlines or silhouettes.
• New engineering and scientific discoveries
continued during the last half of the twentieth
century.
• Today’s telecommunications industry includes
simple voice telephone calls, fax transmission,
video conferencing, cable TV, access to the
internet, high-speed data communications,
satellite communications, and surfing the World
Wide Web.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF TELECOMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
• By industry definition, telecommunication is the
transmission, emission, or reception of signs, signals,
writing, images, sounds, or information of any nature
by wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic
system.
• A telecommunication system uses, electricity, light
(visible and infrared), or radio waves to transmit
signals that carry voice and data transmissions.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF TELECOMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
• Telecommunication systems function when a transmitter
converts sound waves or data into signals, which travel
along wires or through the air before reaching their
destination.
• When a receiver intercepts the signals, they converted
back into useful data or sound waves that become
distinguishable by the human ear and recognized by
brain.
• A transceiver is a telecommunications device that
functions as a transmitter and receiver.
TRANSCEIVER
 FUNDAMENTALS OF TELECOMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
• Analog Transmission – in an electronic network is the
conversion of useful sound or data into electrical
impulses. It is capable of transmitting both voice and
non-voice messages.
• Examples; TELEX, TELEGRAMS, DATA
 FUNDAMENTALS OF TELECOMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
• Digital Transmission in an electronic network involves a
transmission of a signal that varies in voltage to
represent one of two separate states.
• In an optical network, digital signaling can involve either
pulsating light or a variation in the intensity of the light
signals.
• Digital transmission over radio systems can be
accomplished by varying that amplitude of the wave.
Digital transmission technology offers a rapid method of
voice and non-voice transmission. (Microwave, Cellular,
or Satellite)
 FUNDAMENTALS OF TELECOMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
• In telecommunication systems, BANDWIDTH is the
range between that highest and lowest frequencies
of transmission, measured in hertz(Hz), cycles per
second. Bandwidth varies with the type and method
of transmission.
• It is a measure of the information capacity.
 TELECOMMUCATION NETWORKS
• A Telecommunications Network is a collection of
communication equipment and devices that are
interconnected so they can communicate in order to
share data, hardware, and software or perform an
electronic function.
 TELECOMMUCATION NETWORKS

• The networks includes a series of connecting points

called nodes(telephone receiver or computer) that are
interconnected with cables(wiring).
• Networks can also interconnected with other
networks and contain sub networks.
 TELECOMMUCATION NETWORKS

• In design and layout of communication networks, the

term topology describes the configuration of a
network, including its nodes, connecting cables and
equipment.
• The basic network topologies used in building
telecommunication systems are bus topology, ring
topology, and star topology.
 TELECOMMUCATION NETWORKS

• Bus Topology – connects each workstations(node) to

a single cable trunk. All signals are broadcast to all
workstations.
• Star topology – all workstations are connected to a
central unit called hub. Home runs are cables that
extend from the hub to the terminal without splicing
or other connections.
• Ring Topology – connects workstation equipment
and devices in a point-to-point serial manner in an
unbroken circular configuration.
 TELECOMMUCATION NETWORKS

• Not all networks are the same. The various types

provide different services, use different technology,
have different procedures.
• Networks can be distinguished between nodes such
as LAN, MAN, and WAN.
 TELECOMMUCATION NETWORKS

• LAN – LOCAL AREA NETWORKS

• MAN – METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS
• WAN – WIDE AREA NETWORKS

• The transmitting medium used in networks can be

copper wire, glass, or plastic (fiber optic cable), and
air (microwave and radio wave).
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

• Cable is the most common medium through which voice and

data usually move from one network device to another.
• It serves as the pipeline of a telecommunication system.
• Several types of cable in use, including copper wire, coaxial
cable, and optical fibers.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

• Connectors are the devices

that connect cable to the
network device. (e.g.,
computer, printer,
entertainment center, and so
forth). Connectors may come
with the equipment
purchased or it may be
necessary to purchase them
individually.
 TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA

• Copper wiring has been the principal

telecommunications transmission medium. It
consists of one or more pairs of solid copper wires.
 TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA

• Twisted Pair Cable consists of

pairs of copper wires that are
twisted to certain
specifications. Each pair is
twisted with a specified
number of twists per inch to
help eliminate interference
from adjacent pairs and other • Twisted pair wiring is
electrical devices. available in shielded and
unshielded versions.
 TYPES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA

• Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) wiring – consists of

multiple pairs of twisted insulated copper conductors
bound in a single sheath.
• Shielded twisted pair (STP) wiring – suitable for
environments with electrical interference.
 COAXIAL CABLE

• It has two conductors: an

inner solid wire surrounded
by an outer braided metal
sheath.
• The conductors both run
concentrically along the same
axis; thus the name coaxial• “Jacket” – protects the outer
(COAX). sheathing.
• Insulation separates the two
concentric conductors, and a
hard protect the entire cable.
 Thin Coaxial Cable

• Is also referred to as “thinnet”.

• Thinnet is about ¼ inch(8mm) in diameter and is very
flexible.
• It looks like a regular TV cable
 Thick Coaxial Cable

• “Thicknet”
• Thick coaxial cable has an
extra protective plastic
cover that helps keep
moisture away from the
center conductor.
• This makes thick coaxial a
better choice when
running longer lengths in a
linear network.
 Triax Cable

• Is a type coax cable with an additional outer copper

braid insulated from signal carrying conductors.
• It has a core conductor and two concentric
conductive shields.
 Twin Axial Cable(TWINAX)

• Is a type of communication transmission cable

consisting of two center conductors surrounded by
an insulating spacer, which in turn is surrounded by a
tubular outer conductor.
• It is similar to coaxial cable except that there are two
conductors at the center.
 Common Types of Coaxial Cable

• Coaxial cable is very effective at carrying many

analog signals at high frequencies.
• The most common type of connector used with
coaxial cables is the Bayonet Neil-Concelman (BNC)
connector.
• Different type of adapters are available for BNC
connectors, including a T-connector, barrel
connector, and terminator.
 COMMON TYPES OF AXIAL CABLE

• Coaxial Cable
Are constructed with an inner conductor surrounded
by a dielectric, which is enclosed by an outer
conductor that also acts as a shield.
a protective jacket covers the outer conductor and
also acts as insulation.
 Dual-shielded Coaxial Cable

• Have two outer conductors, or shields, enclosing the

dielectric. Dual shielding is needed for strength and
abrasion resistance.
• Offers a decrease in attenuation and the possibility of
unwanted external jacket.
 Twin Axial Cable

• Is composed of two insulated single conductor cables

or hook-up wires twisted together, having a common
shield and protective jacket.
 Triaxal Cable

• Is coaxial cable with one conductor and two shields

all separated with dielectric materials.
• Triaxal cable signals may be transported by both the
inner conductor and the inner shield while the outer
shield is at ground potential.
 Optical Fibers

• Optical fibers are long, thin strands of very pure

silicon glass or plastic about a diameter of a human
hair.
• A single optical fiber consists of three elements: core,
cladding, and buffer coating.
 Optical Fibers

• Core – thin glass center of the fiber where the light

travels.
• Cladding – the outer material surrounding the core
that reflects the light back into the core.
• Buffer Coating – a plastic coating that protects the
fiber from damage and moisture.
 Optical Fibers

• Hundreds or thousands of optical fibers are arranged

in bundles called optical cables.
• The cables outer sheathing is called jacket, which
protects these bundles.
• Optical fibers come in two types; single-mode fibers
and multimode fibers.
 Optical Fibers

• Single-mode fibers – are used to transmit one signal

per fiber, used in telephones and cable TV
• Multimode fibers – are used to transmit many
signals per fiber, used in computer networks, local
area network.
 Optical Fibers

• The most common connectors used with fiber optic

cable are the ST and SC connectors.
• ST Connector – is barrel shaped
• SC Connector – has a squared face and is easier to
connect in a confined space.
 Optical Fibers

• It carries much more information than copper wire

and is in general not subject to electromagnetic
interference.
• This makes it ideal for environments that contain a
large amount of electrical interference.
• This characteristic has made it the standard
transmission medium for connecting networks
between buildings.
 Optical Fibers

• Refers to the technology in which communication

signals in the form of modulated light beams are
transmitted over a glass fiber transmission medium.
• The light in a single optical fiber travels through the
core by reflecting from the mirror-like cladding, a
physical principle called total internal reflection.
 Optical Fibers

• Fiber Optic Relay System transmit and receives a light signal that is
transmitted through an optical fiber.
• An optical transmitter produces and encodes the light signal that is
sent through optical fiber.
• An optical receiver that decodes the signal receives the light signal.
• The receiver uses a photocell or photodiode to detect the light
signal, decodes it, and sends an electrical signal to a computer, TV,
or telephone.
• Optical Regenerator is needed to boost the light signal over long
distances.
 WIRELESS

• Is a term used to describe telecommunications in

which electromagnetic waves carry the signal.
• Wireless communications can take several forms:
microwave, synchronous satellites, low-earth-orbit
satellites, cellular, and personal communication
service.
 Fixed Wireless

• Is the operation of wireless devices or systems in

homes and offices.
• It enables users to establish and maintain a wireless
connection without the limitations of wires or cables.
 PEER-TO-PEER WIRELESS NETWORK

• Consists of a number of computers, each equipped

with a wireless networking interface card.
• Each computer can communicate directly with all of
the other wireless-enabled computers and
equipment. Ex. Printers
 ACCESS POINT or BASE STATION WIRELESS
NETWORK
• Has a computer or receiver that serves as the point
at which the network is accessed.
• It acts like a hub, which provides connectivity for the
wireless equipment.
• Two modes of transmission are used in fixed wireless systems
in buildings:
• Infrared(IR) wireless – is the use of technology in devices or
systems that convey data through infrared stations.
• Radio Frequency(RF) wireless – transmits data through radio
wavelengths.
 Electromagnetic Interference

• Electrical current flow in power lines generates

electromagnetic field that surrounds the electrical
conductor.
• A telecommunication cable placed within an
electromagnetic field will have its telecommunication
signal affected.
STRUCTURED BUILDING TELECOMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
Wiring and Cabling Standards
• the EIA, TIA, and a large consortium of leading
telecommunications companies worked
cooperatively to create the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI)/TIA/EIA-568-1991
Commercial Building Telecommunication Wiring
Standards.
 TELECOMMUNICATION CABLING AND
PATHWAYS
• Telecommunication Cabling is the medium through
which voice and data move from one
telecommunication device to another.
• Pathway is a passageway, and thus a path, for cable
to travel when interconnecting devices, components,
and equipment in a telecommunication system.
• Pathways are typically a raceway, a channel and
more.
 TELECOMMUNICATION CABLING AND
PATHWAYS
• Pathways can carry existing cable and that easily
allow additional cabling to be installed to
accommodate the addition of equipment or
upgrades in technology.
• Backbone is a generic term used to describe a main
pathway or cabling media that interconnects a
number of telecommunication devices.
• Drop cables may be attached from the backbone to
connect individual workstations.
 STRUCTURED CABLING SYSTEMS

• A structured cabling system is the cabling, devices,

and equipment that integrate the voice, data, video,
and electronic management systems of a building.
• Design and installation of structured cabling systems
adheres to national and international standards.
 INTERBUILDING BACKBONE

• Is the cabling and pathways outside of the building,

including the cables carrying local exchange carrier
(LEC) services.
• Simply, it carries telecommunication services to the
building.
 BUILDING ENTRANCE FACILITIES

• Is an entrance to the building for both public and

private network service cables.
• It includes the cables, connecting hardware,
protection devices, and other equipment needed to
connect the inter-building backbone cabling to the
backbone cabling in the building.
 TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT ROOM

• It is a centralized space for housing main

telecommunications equipment.
• A telecommunications equipment room serves a
building or multiple buildings in a campus or business
park environment.
 TELECOMMUNICATIONS CLOSET

• Is a dedicated room on each floor in an building that

houses intermediate voice and data
telecommunications equipment and related cable
connections.
• It should be located in a space that is central to the
work areas it serves.
 BACKBONE PATHWAY

• Within a building telecommunications system, the

backbone pathway connects the entrance
facilities/equipment room to the telecommunications
closets for cabling that interconnects equipment and
devices in these spaces.
 HORIZONTAL PATHWAYS

• It connects the backbone cabling entering the

telecommunications closet with the terminal
equipment in the work area.
• Horizontal pathways can include under floor ducts
embedded in concrete decks or slabs,
modular/cellular (raised) floors, underground trench
ducts, and raceways.
 WORK AREA

• Is the space containing workstations (terminal)

equipment and components.
• The workstation components include equipment and
devices and terminal patch cables that connect work
area equipment to the network.
• A typical telecommunication outlet is made in a 2 in x
4 in (50 mm x 100 mm) electrical box with horizontal
cabling terminating at a connector on the faceplate
covering the box.
• It is necessary to consider the number and type of
devices to be connected when selecting the outlet
capabilities and capacities.
ADVANCED WIRING SYSTEMS FOR HOMES

IT ALLOWS A HOMEOWNER TO INTEGRATE THE

CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF THE FOLLOWING
SUBSYSTEMS:
• Communication subsystem
• Entertainment subsystem
• Home office subsystem
• Environmental control/energy management
subsystem
• Security/property protection subsystem
 WIRING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

An advanced home wiring system is typically consists

of three main components:
• Service Center
• Universal Multiuse Outlets
• High-performance Cabling
 Service Center

• Is sometimes called as the central hub or distribution

center, is the central part of the system that accepts
incoming services and distributes services
throughout the home.
 Universal Multiuse Outlets

• Can be customized to a customer’s specific needs

based on the services that are desired in each room.
• These outlets are designed to support a full range of
communication technologies with a variety of flexible
configurations including voice, data, and video.
 High-performance Cabling

• Several types of high-performance cable are used,

including CAT 5 UTP copper wire and coaxial cable.
 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!

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—Thomas J. Watson