DATA MODELS
UNIT-3 INTRODUCTION TO
DATABASE
BY-Khushal Goyal
Enrolment Id-19124021
Record Based Data
Model
Like Object based model, they also
describe data at the conceptual and view
levels. These models specify logical
structure of database with records, fields
and attributes.
Types Of Record Based
Data Model
Hierarchical data model
This model is recognized as the first database model created by IBM in the
1960s.
In this data and relationships are represented by records and links
respectively.
This structure organized as collection of tree.
In this no node can have ,ore than one parent node.
In order to retrieve data from a hierarchical database the whole tree needs
to be traversed starting from the root node.
E.g.-
Network data model
In 1969, the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL)
Consortium developed the network model into a standard
specification.
Records in database are organized as collection of nodes and
edges.
Unlike hierarchical model a one node can have more than one
parent node.
E.g.-
Relational data model
The relational database was invented in 1970 by E. F. Codd, then
a young programmer at IBM.
It represents data and relationships among data by collection of
tables.
Each table has number of rows and columns.
Columns are Attributes.
Rows are Records or tuple.
E.g.-
Relational Model Concepts(terminology):-
Attribute: Each column in a Table. Attributes are the properties which
define a relation. e.g., Student_Rollno, NAME,etc.
Tables – In the Relational model the, relations are saved in the table
format. It is stored along with its entities. A table has two properties
rows and columns. Rows represent records and columns represent
attributes.
Tuple – It is nothing but a single row of a table, which contains a single
record.
Relation Schema: A relation schema represents the name of the
relation with its attributes.
Degree: The total number of attributes which in the relation is called
the degree of the relation.
Cardinality: Total number of rows present in the Table.
Column: The column represents the set of values for a specific
attribute.
Relation instance – Relation instance is a finite set of tuples in the
RDBMS system. Relation instances never have duplicate tuples.
Relation key - Every row has one, two or multiple attributes, which is
called relation key.
Attribute domain – Every attribute has some pre-defined value and
scope which is known as attribute domain
