International University, School of Computer Science
VNU-HCM & Engineering
IT101- Introduction to Computing
Lect. 4: Networking and
the Internet
Fall 2016
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Networking and the Internet
4.1 Network Fundamentals
4.2 The Internet
4.3 The World Wide Web
4.4 Internet Protocols
4.5 Security
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4.1 Network Fundamentals
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Network Classifications
Scope
o Personal area network (PAN)
o Local area network (LAN)
o Metropolitan area (MAN)
o Wide area network (WAN)
Ownership
o Closed versus open
Topology (configuration)
o Bus (Ethernet)
o Star (Wireless networks with central Access Point)
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Two popular network
topology
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Protocols
CSMA/CD
o Used in Ethernet
o Silent bus provides right to introduce new message
CSMA/CA
o Used in WiFi
o Hidden terminal problem
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Communication over a bus
network
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The hidden terminal problem
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Connecting Networks
Repeater: Extends a network
Bridge: Connects two compatible networks
Switch: Connects several compatible networks
Router: Connects two incompatible networks
resulting in a network of networks called an
internet
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Building a large bus network
from smaller ones
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Routers connecting two WiFi networks and an
Ethernet network to form an internet
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Inter-process
Communication
Client-server
o One server, many clients
o Server must execute continuously
o Client initiates communication
Peer-to-peer (P2P)
o Two processes communicating as equals
o Peer processes can be short-lived
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The client/server model compared to the peer-to-peer
model
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Distributed Systems
Systems with parts that run on different computers
o Cluster computing
o Grid computing
o Cloud computing
• Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud
• Google Drive
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4.2 The Internet
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The Internet
The Internet: An internet that spans the world
o Original goal was to develop a means of connecting networks that
would not be disrupted by local disasters
o Today a commercial undertaking that links a worldwide combination of
PANs, LANs, MANs, and WANs involving millions of computers
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Internet Architecture
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
o Tier-1
o Tier-2
Access or tier-3 ISP: Provides connectivity to the Internet
o Hot spot (wireless)
o Telephone lines
o Cable/Satellite systems DSL
o Fiber optics
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Internet Composition
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Internet Addressing
IP address: pattern of 32 or 128 bits often represented in dotted
decimal notation
Mnemonic address:
o Domain names
o Top-Level Domains
Domain name system (DNS)
o Name servers
o DNS lookup
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Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names & Numbers (ICANN)
Allocates IP addresses to ISPs who then assign those
addresses within their regions.
Oversees the registration of domains and domain names.
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Early Internet Applications
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Telnet and SSH
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Electronic Mail (email)
o Domain mail server collects incoming mail and transmits outing mail
o Mail server delivers collected incoming mail to clients via POP3 or IMAP
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SMTP Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol
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More Recent Applications
Voice Over IP (VoIP)
Internet Multimedia Streaming
o Unicast
o Multicast
o On-demand streaming
o Content delivery networks (CDNs)
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4.3 The World Wide Web
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World Wide Web
Hypertext combines internet technology with concept of linked-
documents
o Embeds hyperlinks to other documents
Browsers present materials to the user
Webservers provide access to documents
Documents are identified by URLs and transferred using HTTP
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A typical URL
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Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML)
Encoded as text file
Contains tags to communicate with browser
◦Appearance
• <h1> to start a level one heading
• <p> to start a new paragraph
◦Links to other documents and content
• <a href = . . . >
◦Insert images
• <img src = . . . >
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A simple webpage
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A simple webpage (continued)
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An enhanced simple webpage
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An enhanced simple Web page
(continued)
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Extensible Markup
Language (XML)
XML: A language for constructing markup languages similar to
HTML
◦ A descendant of SGML
◦ Opens door to a World Wide Semantic Web
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Using XML
<staff clef = “treble”> <key>C minor</key>
<time> 2/4 </time>
<measure> < rest> egth </rest> <notes> egth G, egth G, egth G
</notes></measure>
<measure> <notes> hlf E </notes></measure>
</staff>
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Figure 4.11 The first two bars of
Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony
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Client Side Versus Server
Side
Client-side activities
o Javascript
o Macromedia Flash
Server-side activities
o Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
o Servlets
o JavaServer Pages (JSP) / Active Server Pages (ASP)
o PHP
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4.4 Internet Protocols
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Package-shipping example
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Internet Software Layers
Application: Constructs message with address
Transport: Chops message into packets
Network: Handles routing through the Internet
Link: Handles actual transmission of packets
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The Internet software layers
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Following a message through the Internet
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TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Transport Layer
o Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
o User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Network Layer
o Internet Protocol (IP)
• IPv4
• IPv6
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Choosing between TCP and UDP
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4.5 Security
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Security
Attacks
o Malware (viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, phishing software)
o Denial of service (DoS)
o Spam
Protection
o Firewalls
o Spam filters
o Proxy Servers
o Antivirus software
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Encryption
HTTPS and SSL
Public-key Encryption
o Public key: Used to encrypt messages
o Private key: Used to decrypt messages
Certificates and Digital Signatures
o Certificate authorities
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Public-key encryption
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