Digital Logic Design

EEE241

Sajjad Ali Mushtaq

[email protected]
[email protected]

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 Digital Logic Design

°Digital
- Concerned with the interconnection among digital
components and modules
» Best Digital System example is General Purpose
Computer
°Logic Design
- Deals with the basic concepts and tools used to design
digital hardware consisting of logic circuits
» Circuits to perform arithmetic operations (+, -, x, ÷)

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 Digital Signals
° Decimal values are difficult to represent in electrical
systems. It is easier to use two voltage values than
ten.
° Digital Signals have two basic states:
1 (logic “high”, or H, or “on”)
0 (logic “low”, or L, or “off”)
° Digital values are in a binary format. Binary means
2 states.
° A good example of binary is a light (only on or off)

on off

Power switches have labels “1” for on and “0” for off.

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Digital Logic Design
°Bits and Pieces of DLD History
°George Boole
- Mathematical Analysis of Logic (1847)
- An Investigation of Laws of Thoughts; Mathematical
Theories of Logic and Probabilities (1854)

°Claude Shannon
- Rediscovered the Boole
- “ A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits “
- Boolean Logic and Boolean Algebra were Applied to Digital
Circuitry

---------- Beginning of the Digital Age and/or Computer Age

World War II
Computers as Calculating Machines

Arlington (State Machines) “ Control “

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 Motivation
°Microprocessors/Microelectronics have
revolutionized our world
• Cell phones, internet, rapid advances in medicine, etc.

°The semiconductor industry has grown tremendously

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 Objectives

°Number System, Their Uses, Conversions

°Basic Building Blocks of Digital System
°Minimization
°Combinational And Sequential Logic
°Digital System/Circuit Analysis and Design
°State Minimizations
°Integrated Circuits
°Simulations

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Text Book

°Primary Text:
“Digital Design” By M. Morris Mano and Michael D.
Ciletti
°Complementary Material
“Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals” By M.
Morris Mano & Charles R Kime.

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Digital Logic Design
Lecture 1

Number Systems

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Number Systems

°Decimal is the number system that we use

°Binary is a number system that computers use
°Octal is a number system that represents groups
of binary numbers (binary shorthand). It is used in
digital displays, and in modern times in conjunction
with file permissions under Unix systems.
°Hexadecimal (Hex) is a number system that
represents groups of binary numbers (binary
shorthand). Hex is primarily used in computing as
the most common form of expressing a human-
readable string representation of a byte (group of 8
bits).

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 Overview

°The design of computers

• It all starts with numbers
• Building circuits
• Building computing machines

°Digital systems
°Understanding decimal numbers
°Binary and octal numbers
• The basis of computers!

°Conversion between different number systems

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 Analog vs. Digital
Consider a faucet
Digital
Water can be flowing or NOT flowing
from the faucet
Two States
• On
• Off
Analog
How much water is flowing from the
faucet?

Advantages of Digital
Replication
• Analog
Try replicating the exact flow
from a faucet
• Digital
Try replicating ON or OFF 11
Advantages of Digital

o Error Correction/Detection
• Small errors don’t propagate
o Miniaturization of Circuits
o Programmability
• Digital computers are programmable
°Two discrete values are used in digital systems.
°How are discrete elements represented?
• Signals are the physical quantities used to represent discrete
elements of information in a digital system.
°Electric signals used:
• Voltage
• Current

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 Advantages of Digital/Representation of Binary Values

6.0
5.0
4.0
High
Volts

3.0
2.0
1.0
Low
0.0
-1.0

°Why are there voltage ranges instead

of exact voltages? oTwo possible values
• Variations in circuit behavior & noise • 1, 0
• On, Off
• True, False
• High, Low
• Heads, Tails
• Black, White13
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 Digital Computer Systems

°Digital systems consider discrete amounts of data.

°Examples
• 26 letters in the alphabet
• 10 decimal digits

°Larger quantities can be built from discrete values:

• Words made of letters
• Numbers made of decimal digits (e.g. 239875.32)

°Computers operate on binary values (0 and 1)

°Easy to represent binary values electrically
• Voltages and currents.
• Can be implemented using circuits
• Create the building blocks of modern computers

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 Understanding Decimal Numbers

° Decimal numbers are made of decimal digits:

(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
° But how many items does a decimal number
represent?
• 8653 = 8x103 + 6x102 + 5x101 + 3x100

° What about fractions?

• 97654.35 = 9x104 + 7x103 + 6x102 + 5x101 + 4x100 + 3x10-1 + 5x10-2
• In formal notation -> (97654.35)10

° Why do we use 10 digits, anyway?

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 Understanding Octal Numbers

° Octal numbers are made of octal digits:

(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
° How many items does an octal number represent?
• (4536)8 = 4x83 + 5x82 + 3x81 + 6x80 = (1362)10

° What about fractions?

• (465.27)8 = 4x82 + 6x81 + 5x80 + 2x8-1 + 7x8-2

° Octal numbers don’t use digits 8 or 9

° Who would use octal number, anyway?

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 Understanding Binary Numbers

° Binary numbers are made of binary digits (bits):

• 0 and 1

° How many items does an binary number represent?

• (1011)2 = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 = (11)10

° What about fractions?

• (110.10)2 = 1x22 + 1x21 + 0x20 + 1x2-1 + 0x2-2

° Groups of eight bits are called a byte

• (11001001) 2

° Groups of four bits are called a nibble.

• (1101) 2

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Why Use Binary Numbers?

° Easy to represent 0 and 1 using

electrical values.
° Possible to tolerate noise.
° Easy to transmit data
° Easy to build binary circuits.

AND Gate

1
0
0

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 Binary

In Binary, there are only 0’s and 1’s. These numbers are called “Base-2” ( Example:
0102)

Base 2 = Base 10
We count in “Base-10”
000 = 0 (0 to 9)
Decimal

001 = 1
°Binary number has base 2
010 = 2 °Each digit is one of two
numbers: 0 and 1
011 = 3
Binary to

°Each digit is called a bit

100 = 4
°Eight binary bits make a byte
101 = 5
°All 256 possible values of a
110 = 6 byte can be represented using
2 digits in hexadecimal
111 = 7 notation.
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 Binary as a Voltage

° Voltages are used to represent logic values:

° A voltage present (called Vcc or Vdd) = 1

° Zero Volts or ground (called gnd or Vss) = 0

A simple switch can provide a logic high or a logic low.

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 A Simple Switch

° Here is a simple switch used to provide a logic value:

Vcc Vcc

Vcc, or 1 Gnd, or 0

There are other ways to connect a switch.

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Binary digits

Bit: single binary digit

Byte: 8 binary digits

Bit

100101112
Radix

Byte

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 Conversion Between Number Bases

Octal(base 8)

Decimal(base 10) Binary(base 2)

Hexadecimal
(base16)
° Learn to convert between bases.
° Already demonstrated how to convert
from binary to decimal.
° Hexadecimal described in next
lecture.

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Number Systems

Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F

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Conversion Among Bases

The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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 Convert an Integer from Decimal to Another Base

For each digit position:

1. Divide decimal number by the base (e.g. 2)
2. The remainder is the lowest-order digit
3. Repeat first two steps until no divisor remains.

Example for (13)10:

Integer Remainder Coefficient
Quotient
13/2 = 6 + ½ a0 = 1
6/2 = 3 + 0 a1 = 0
3/2 = 1 + ½ a2 = 1
1/2 = 0 + ½ a3 = 1

Answer (13)10 = (a3 a2 a1 a0)2 = (1101)2

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 Convert an Fraction from Decimal to Another Base

For each digit position:

1. Multiply decimal number by the base (e.g. 2)
2. The integer is the highest-order digit
3. Repeat first two steps until fraction becomes
zero.
Example for (0.625)10:
Integer Fraction Coefficient

0.625 x 2 = 1 + 0.25 a-1 = 1

0.250 x 2 = 0 + 0.50 a-2 = 0
0.500 x 2 = 1 + 0 a-3 = 1

Answer (0.625)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3 )2 = (0.101)2

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The Growth of Binary Numbers
n 2n n 2n
0 20=1 8 28=256
1 21=2 9 29=512

2 22=4 10 210=1024

3 23=8 11 211=2048

4 24=16 12 212=4096

5 25=32 20 220=1M Mega

6 26=64 30 230=1G Giga

27=128 Tera
7 40 240=1T

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Binary Addition

°Binary addition is very simple.

°This is best shown in an example of adding two
binary numbers…

1 1 1 1 1 1 carries
1 1 1 1 0 1
+ 1 0 1 1 1
---------------------
1 0 1 0 1 0 0

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Binary Subtraction

° We can also perform subtraction (with borrows in place of

carries).
° Let’s subtract (10111)2 from (1001101)2…

1 10 borrows
0 10 10 0 0 10

1 0
0 1 1 0 1
- 1 0 1 1 1
------------------------
1 1 0 1 1 0

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 Binary Multiplication

° Binary multiplication is much the same as decimal

multiplication, except that the multiplication
operations are much simpler…

10 1 1 1
X 1 0 1 0
-----------------------
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
-----------------------
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

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 Convert an Integer from Decimal to Octal

For each digit position:

1. Divide decimal number by the base (8)
2. The remainder is the lowest-order digit
3. Repeat first two steps until no divisor remains.

Example for (175)10:

Integer Remainder Coefficient
Quotient
175/8 = 21 + 7/8 a0 = 7
21/8 = 2 + 5/8 a1 = 5
2/8 = 0 + 2/8 a2 = 2

Answer (175)10 = (a2 a1 a0)2 = (257)8

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 Convert an Fraction from Decimal to Octal

For each digit position:

1. Multiply decimal number by the base (e.g. 8)
2. The integer is the highest-order digit
3. Repeat first two steps until fraction becomes
zero.
Example for (0.3125)10:
Integer Fraction Coefficient

0.3125 x 8 = 2 + 5 a-1 = 2
0.5000 x 8 = 4 + 0 a-2 = 4

Answer (0.3125)10 = (0.24)8

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 Summary

° Binary numbers are made of binary digits (bits)

° Binary and octal number systems
° Conversion between number systems
° Addition, subtraction, and multiplication in binary

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