READING
AND
WRITING
GROUP 3
WRITTEN TEXT
AS CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
TEXT
Is made up of sentences.
A large unit of written.
language
A group of ideas put
together to make a point
or one central idea.
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DISCOURSE
Is the use of such
sentences.
An extended
expression of
thoughts or ideas.
Utterance, talk,
speech, discussion,
and conversation.
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Pre-writing
• is the first stage of the writing process,
typically followed by drafting, revision,
editing and publishing.
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A. PRE-WRITING
STRATEGIES
Brainstorming
Graphic Organizer
Topic Outline
Sentence Outline
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Brainstorming
Is a group activity
technique by which efforts
are made to find a
conclusion for a specific
problem by gathering a list
of ideas spontaneously
contributed by its members.
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Example:
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Graphic Organizer
It is a pedagogical tool that uses visual symbols
to express knowledge, concepts, thoughts, or
ideas, and the relationships between them.
is a visual display that demonstrates
relationships between facts, concepts or ideas.
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Example:
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Types of Graphic
Organizer
Cause-and-Effect Organizer
Compare/Contrast or Venn Diagram
Main Idea and Details Chart
Concept Map
Flow Diagram or Sequence Chart
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Cause and Effect Pattern
Organizer
• It highlights the direct relationship between
different events or concepts.
• Also called sequence of events diagrams, are a
type of graphic organizer that describe how events
affect one another in a process.
• The student must be able to identify and analyze
the cause(s) and the effect(s) of an event or
process.
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Example:
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Compare/Contrast or Venn
Diagram
• Is used to identify the similarities and
differences between two or more concepts.
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Example:
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Main Idea and Details
Chart
• It shows the hierarchical relationship between
major concepts and their subordinate elements.
• This organizer is extremely beneficial in helping
students distinguish central ideas and their
corresponding details from less important
information.
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Example:
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Concept Map
• Is a general organizer that shows a central idea
with its corresponding characteristic.
• Can take many different shapes and can be used
to show any types of relationship that can be
labeled
• Excellent for brainstorming, activating prior
knowledge
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Example:
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Flow Diagram or
Sequence Chart
• Is a visual representation of the sequence of steps
and decisions needed to perform a process.
• It has a distinct order that can be displayed
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Example:
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Outline
• A general description or plan giving the essential
features of something but not the detail.
• Gives a summary of something.
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TWO TYPES
OF OUTLINE:
1. Topic Outline
2. Sentence
outline
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op ic Outline
T
The headings are given
in a single word or
brief phrases.
Is a hierarchical list
of a speech's main
points. Topic
outlines use keywords
and short phrases
rather than complete
sentences.
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Exam ple :
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Sen tence O u tlin e
All the headings are expressed in
complete sentence.
Is done in full sentences. It is
normally used when your paper
focuses on complex details.
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TIPS O N HO W YO U CAN
CREATE AN O UTLINE:
1. Identify the
topic.
2. Identify the
main categories.
3. Create the sub-
categories.
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Exam ple :
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