FILTRATION

GROUP 4
GOMEZ, RAHEEMAH
PAYONGAYONG, FRANCIS GABRIEL
BACKGROUND
 FILTRATION
• Filtration is essentially a physical and chemical process and, in the case of
slow sand filtration, biological as well.
• Water filtration is an important stage in the water treatment process which
will typically involve multiple stages of pre-treatment such as flocculation,
coagulation and sedimentation. Various forms of filtration might be used.
Process DEFINITION

Impurities

Filters
• liquid separation • These impurities • The material
process in which consist of used in filters
the liquid passes suspended
through a porous particles (fine for public
medium to silts and clays), water supply
remove as much biological matter is normally a
fine suspended (bacteria, bed of sand,
solids as possible plankton, spores, coal, or other
cysts or other
matter) and floc granular
substance
TERMS
The filter is the
mechanism through
which you pour
the feed. The fluid
that comes through the
filter is the filtrate
 TERMS
Backwashing refers to
pumping water
backwards through
the filters media. It is a
form of preventive
maintenance so that
the filter media can be
reused.
 BASIC TYPES OF SAND FILTRATION

• biological process; uses bacteria to treat the water

• The layer of microbes is called a schumtzdecke (or biofilm)

• removes bacteria, protozoa and viruses

• physical process

• removes suspended particles

• diameter of a grain of fine sand is approximately 0.1 mm

TYPES OF GRANULAR FILTERS FOR SAND
FILTRATION
Single-Medium Filter

• one type of media is used

• sand or anthracite

Dual-Medium Filter

• two types of media is used

• usually sand and anthracite

Multimedia Filter

• three types of media are used

• usually sand , anthracite , and Garnet
TYPES OF MEMBRANE FILTRATION
 TYPES OF MEMBRANE FILTRATION
• MICROFILTRATION viruses, most of the natural organic matter
and a range of salts. Nanofiltration
• A microfiltration filter has a pore size removes divalent ions, which make water
around 0.1 micron, so when water hard, so nanofiltration is often used to
undergoes microfiltration, many soften hard water.
microorganisms are removed, but viruses
remain in the water.
• REVERSE OSMOSIS
• ULTRAFILTRATION • Reverse osmosis filters have a pore size
around 0.0001 micron. After water passes
• An ultrafiltration filter has a pore size through a reverse osmosis filter, it is
around 0.01 micron. Ultrafiltration would essentially pure water. In addition to
remove larger particles, and may remove removing all organic molecules and
some viruses. viruses, reverse osmosis also removes most
minerals that are present in the water.
• NANOFILTRATION Reverse osmosis removes monovalent ions,
• A nanofiltration filter has a pore size which means that it desalinates the water.
around 0.001 micron. Nanofiltration
removes most organic molecules, nearly all
Substances Removed From Water By Membrane Filtration Processes
THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES
 SLOW SAND FILTER
• Slow sand filtration velocities are only about 0.4m/hr.
At these low rates, the filtered contaminants do not
penetrate to an appreciable depth within the filtration
medium. The filter builds up a layer of filtered
contaminants on the surface, which becomes the
active filtering medium.

• This active filtration layer is termed a schmutzdecke.

When the filter is first started after cleaning, the
filtered water must be wasted until the filtration
efficiency increases as the schmutzdecke is formed
SLOW SAND FILTER AND PREFILTRATION
CONTROL CHAMBER
 RAPID SAND FILTER
• In rapid sand filtration much
higher application velocities are
used. Filtration occurs through
the depth of the filter. A
comparison of rapid and slow
sand filtration is shown in Below

Rapid sand filter during filtration

RAPID GRAVITY SAND FILTER
RAPID PRESSURE SAND FILTER
Add a Slide Title - 5
PARTS OF RAPID
SAND FILTER:
1. Single Standard Filter
2. Valves
3. Rate Controller
4. Wash Water Tank
5. Filtered Water
Storage Tank
RAPID SAND MEDIA LAYERS
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A RAPID FILTER
• Turbidity – minimum of 5 but not more than 10 units
• High rate of filtration – 120 to 240 m/day (2 to 4 gal/ft^2 per day) or
more
• Washing the filter units by reversing flow of filtered water upward
through the filter to remove mud and other impurities which have
lodged in the sand
 FILTER MEDIA
• Size of Filter media – Specified by Effective Size (D10)
• Sieve size in mm that permits 10% by weight to pass (D10)

• Uniformity in Size – Uniformity Coefficient (Cu)

• Ratio between the sieve size that will pass 60 percent by weigh and
the effective size
FILTER MEDIA
• Sand – cheapest and most used
filter medium
• Ratio between the sieve size that will
pass 60 percent by weigh and the
effective size
• Anthracite – can be used as a
substitute or addition to other filter
medium
• Effective size of 0.70 mm or more and
uniformity coefficient of 1.75 or less
• Its depth, when used alone, similar to
sand filters but effective size is smaller
• Garmet Sand/Ilmenite – can be
used as a substitute or addition to
other filter medium
 GRAVEL
• Filter medium is underlain by 400 to 600 mm of gravel to support the
sand, permit the filtered water to move freely toward the underdrains,
and allows washwater to move more or less uniformly upward to the
sand.
• 5 or 6 layers, with finest size on top
• Hard, rounded, durable, weigh approximately 1600 kg/m^3
• Free from flat, thin, or long pieces, and other foreign material
FILTER MEDIA GRAIN DISTRIBUTION
COMMON GRADING AND LAYER THICKNESS
Layers Grading Layer Thickness
1 2 ½ to 5 mm 60 to 80 mm
2 5 to 10 mm 60 to 80 mm
3 10 to 20 mm 80 to 120 mm
4 20 to 40 mm 80 to 120 mm
5 40 to 60 mm 120 to 200 mm
Total Depth 400 to 600 mm
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
FILTRATION
• D10 (ES)
𝐷60
• Cu= (UC)
𝐷10

D10 = 0.185 D60 = 0.38

 REQUIRED PARTICLE SIZES OF FILTER (D10)
• Athracite(SG ~ 1.5); Silica Sand (SG ~ 2.6); Garnet Sand(SG ~ 4.2)
• For equal settling velocities:

2/3
𝑑1 𝜌2 − 𝜌𝑤
=
𝑑2 𝜌1 − 𝜌𝑤
EXAMPLE:
Determine the particle sizes of anthracite and ilmenite which have settling
velocities equal to that of sand 0.5 mm in diameter
Solution:
a. For the anthracite
2/3
𝑑1 2.6 − 1
= = 𝟏. 𝟏 𝒎𝒎
0.5 1.5 − 1
b. For the ilmenite/gunite
2/3
𝑑1 2.6 − 1 Gunite

= = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝒎𝒎
0.5 4.2 − 1
Thus, anthracite smaller than 1.1 mm would remain above 0.5 mm sand, and
ilmenite larger than 0.3 mm would remain below it.
 RATE OF FILTRATION
𝑄
𝑣=
𝐴𝑠

Where: v = face velocity, m/d = loading rate, m3/d.m2

Q = flow rate onto filter surface, m3/d
As = surface area of filter, m2
EXAMPLE:
A city is to install rapid sand filters. The design loading rate is selected to be 160 m3/(m2 d).
The design capacity of the water works is 0.35 m3/s. The maximum surface per filter is
limited to 50 m2. Design the number and size of filters and calculate the normal filtration
rate.
Solution:
Step 1: Determine the total surface area
3
required
0.35 𝑚 ൘ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ൗ
𝑄 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 86,400 𝑑𝑎𝑦 2
𝐴𝑠 = = 3 = 189𝑚
𝑣 160 𝑚 ൗ 2
𝑚 ∙ 𝑑𝑎𝑦
Step 2: Determine the number (n) of filters
189𝑚2
𝑛= = 3.78
50𝑚
Round up and select n=4 (four filters)
EXAMPLE:
The surface area (a) for each filter is
189𝑚2
𝑎= = 47.25𝑚2
4
We can use 7mx7m or 6mx8m or 5.9mx8m(exact)

Step 3: If a 7m x 7m filter is installed, the normal filtration rate is

𝑚 3
0.35 ൘
𝑄 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 86,400 𝑠𝑒𝑐ൗ𝑑𝑎𝑦 3
𝑣= = = 154.3 𝑚 ൗ𝑚2 ∙ 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐴𝑠 4 𝑥 7𝑚 𝑥 7𝑚
Or
𝑣 = 154.3 𝑚ൗ𝑑𝑎𝑦
 HEAD LOSS IN A CLEAN FILTER
Carmen –Kozeny equation
2
ℎ 𝑘𝜇(1 − 𝜀)2 ∀
= 𝑣
𝐿 𝑔𝜌𝜀 3 𝐴
Where: k = dimensionless coefficient , 5 for sand, 6 for anthracite

v = filtration rate m3/m2•d; or filtration velocity m/d

A = the grain surface area

∀ = the grain volume

ε= filter porosity; around 0.40 for sand filter

μ=dynamic viscosity; N.s/m^2

ρ= water density; kg/m3

h=head loss in clean filter, m

L = length of bed, m
 HEAD LOSS IN A CLEAN FILTER
𝑉 6
=
𝐴 ∅𝑑

Where: Ф= sphericity/shape factor ; 1 for spherical particles, 0.70 for sand

d = mean particle size

Example:
• A dual media filter is composed of 0.30 m anthracite (mean particle size 0.20mm) that is
placed over a 0.60 m layer of sand (mean particle size 0.70mm) with a filtration rate of
9.78 m/h. Assume the grain sphericity ф = 0.75 and porosity (ε) = 0.40 for both. Estimate
the headloss(total headloss) in the clean filter at 150C.

Solution:
Step 1: Find headloss in the anthracite layer
2
0.00113𝑥 1 − 0.40 2 6
ℎ = 0.3 𝑥 6 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 0.00272 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟖 𝒎
9.81𝑥1000𝑥0.403 0.75𝑥0.002

Step 2:Find headloss in the sand layer

2
0.00113𝑥 1 − 0.40 2 6
ℎ = 0.6 𝑥 5 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 0.00272 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟏𝟖 𝒎
9.81𝑥1000𝑥0.403 0.75𝑥0.007

Step 3:Find total headloss in the sand layer

ℎ = 0.0508 + 0.6918 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟑 𝒎
 HEAD LOSS DURING FILTRATION

ℎ𝑙 𝑡 = 𝑣(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑉𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 )

Where: v = filtration rate m3/m2•d; or filtration velocity m/d

a ,b = coefficients depending on the filter media properties

V(filtered)= filtered volume per unit area of filter since last backwash; m3/m2

hl(t) = head loss at any time (t), m

Example:
• A filter has a head loss of 0.30 m when clean ( newly washed), and 1.30 m after 24 hrs of filtration at a
rate of 1.5 L/s.m2 . Estimate the head loss both immediately after backwash and 10 hrs later, if the
filtration rate is changed to 2 L/s•m2.
Solution:
Step 1: Estimate the values of a and b:
1.5
Equation 1(clean filter): 0.30 = 1000 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∗ 0
1.5 1.5
Equation 2(after filtration): 1.30 = 1000 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∗ 1000 ∗ 24 ∗ 3600

Solving the 2 equations simultaneously, we get a=200, b=5.14

Step 2: Calculate head loss for new flowrate:

2
Immediately after backwash: 𝐻0 = 1000 200 + 𝑏 ∗ 0 = 0.40 𝑚
2 2
10 hrs after backwash: 𝐻10 = 200 + 5.14 ∗ ∗ 10 ∗ 3600 = 1.88 𝑚
1000 1000
 RATE OF BACKWASH FILTER
Where:
vmf = minimum fluidization velocity
𝜇 0.5 −
33.7𝜇 during backwash, m3/m2.sec,
𝑣𝑚𝑓 = 1135.69 + 0.0408𝐺𝑛
𝜌𝑑90 𝜌𝑑90
d90 = sieve size that passes 90% by weight

μ =dynamic viscosity; N.sec/m2

𝑑3 90 𝜌 𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌 𝑔
𝐺𝑛 = ρ = water density; kg/m3
𝜇2
ρs = filter particles density; kg/m3

Gn =Galileo number, dimensionless

(𝑣𝑚𝑓 )𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 1.3𝑣𝑚𝑓
g = gravitational acceleration m/sec2
 FILTER EXPANSION
1−𝜀
𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿
1−𝜀𝑒

𝑣𝑚𝑓(𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛) 0.22
𝜀𝑒 =
𝑣𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒

Where: L = bed depth during filtration, m

Le = expanded bed depth, m
εe = expanded bed porosity, dimensionless
ε= bed porosity during filtration , dimensionless
v(settle)= settling velocity of the filter particles, m/sec
 HEADLOSS DURING FILTER BACKWASH

𝐿𝑒 (1 − 𝜀𝑒 )(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌)
ℎ=
𝜌

Where: Le = expanded bed depth, m

εe = expanded bed porosity, dimensionless
ρ = water density; kg/m3
ρs = filter particles density; kg/m3
Example
A dual-media rapid filter has 0.4m of sand and 0.4m of anthracite. Sand
effective size 0.48mm, sphericity 0.9 and porosity 0.4. Anthracite effective size
0.9mm, sphericity 0.75 and porosity 0.48. Uniformity coefficient for both is 1.5.
Divide each medium in three layers on a mass basis for calculations. Operating
temperature will be 10C.
Required:
a) Calculate the initial headloss at 8 m/h
b) Calculate the minimum fluidization velocity for the bed.
c) Calculate the backwash velocity that will expand the largest layer of sand by
15%. Find the total bed expansion at this rate.
d) What will the total headloss be through the expanded bed under conditions
as in (c)?
Example(Continuation)
Given: For Anthracite:
For Sand: Depth, Le = 0.4 m
Depth, Le = 0.4 m Effective size, ES = 0.9 mm
Effective size, ES = 0.48 mm Sphericity, ∅ = 0.75
Sphericity, ∅ = 0.9 Porosity, ε0 = 0.48
Porosity, ε0 = 0.4 Uniformity coefficient, UC = 1.5
Uniformity coefficient, UC = 1.5 Temperature = 10°C
Example(a.Continuation):
a.)Headloss in a clean filter=?
2
𝒉 𝑘𝜇(1−𝜀)2   6
Formula: = 𝑣 where: =
𝑳 𝑔𝜌𝜀3 𝐴 𝐴 ∅𝑑
 6 6.67
Step 1: 𝐴
= (0.9)𝑑 = 𝑑
𝜇
Step 2: 𝜌 = 𝑣 = 1.306x10-6 m2/s at 10°C

Substitute the values in the formula.

2
𝒉 5𝜇(1−𝜀)2 
= 𝑣
𝑳 𝑔𝜌𝜀3 𝐴

2
𝒉 5(1.306x10−6 m2/s)(1 − 0.4)2 6.67
= (8 m/h ∗ 1 h/3600 s)=3.70x10−7/diameter2
𝑳 (9.81 m/s2)(0.4)3 𝑑
Example(b.Continuation):
b.)Minimum fluidization velocity=?
Step 1: Solve for d10,d60,d90 For anthracite:
For Sand: • d10 = 0.9 mm
• d10 = 0.48 mm • d60 = 1.5 * d10 = 1.5 * (0.9 mm) =
1.35 mm
• d60 = 1.5 * d10 = 1.5 * (0.48 mm) =
0.72 mm • d90 = d10(101.67 log UC) = (0.9
mm)(101.67 log 1.5) = 1.77 mm
• d90 = d10(101.67 log UC) = (0.48
mm)(101.67 log 1.5) = 0.94 mm
Example(b.Continuation):
Given at 10°C: • Given: ρs = 2650 kg/m3
• μ = 1.307x10-3 N·m/s2 • 𝐺𝑛 =
(0.94x10−3 m)3 999.7)(2650 − 999.7 (9.81 m/s2
• ρ = 999.7 kg/m3 (1.307x10−3)2
• μ/ρ = υ = 1.306x10-6 m2/s • Gn= 7869
Step 2: Substitute values and solve for
vmf using
𝜇
the formula 33.7𝜇 1.306x10−6 m2/s 0.5
𝑣𝑚𝑓 = 𝜌𝑑 1135.69 + 0.0408𝐺𝑛 0.5
− • 𝑣𝑚𝑓 = (1135.69 + 0.0408(7869 ) −
0.94x10−3 m
90 𝜌𝑑90 (33.7))

• 𝑣𝑚𝑓 = 0.0062 m/s = 22.3 m/h

For Sand:
 Example(b.Continuation):
For Anthracite: Step 3: Select vmf from the two
• Given: ρs = 1600 kg/m3 • The minimum fluidization velocity for
(1.77x10−3 m)3 999.7)(1600− 999.7 (9.81 m/s2
anthracite, being the largest, will
• 𝐺𝑛 = govern.
(1.307x10−3)2
• Gn = 19111 Thus Vmf = 0.0074 m/s

1.306x10−6 m2/s 0.5

• 𝑣𝑚𝑓 = (1135.69 + 0.0408(19111 ) − (33.7))
1.77x10−3 m

• 𝑣𝑚𝑓 = 0.0074 m/s = 26.64 m/h

Example(c.Continuation):
Given for sand layer Sv = 6/(ψdeq) = 6/(0.9 * 0.94x10-3
m) = 7092 m-1
Since the bed expands by 15%
L
= 1.15 for largest layer
L0 Re1 = V/[(7092 m-1)*(1 –
μ 0.48)*(1.306x10-6 m2/s) = 206.9 V
= υ = 1.306x10-6 m2/s at 10°C
ρ

Use d90 instead of d10 because it

contains the largest layer of sand
Example(c.Continuation):
A1 = ε3/(1 – ε)2 * ρ(ρs – ρ)g/(Sv3μ2) log A1 = 1.028
log Re1 = log (206.9 V)
A1 = 0.483/(1 – 0.48)2 * 999.7(2650 - 1.5 (log ψ)2 = 0.00314
999.7) * (9.81 m/s2)/[(7092 m-
1)3(1.307x10-3)2] = 10.7

1.028 = 0.56543 + 1.09348 log (206.9

V) + 0.17971 log (206.9 V)2 – 0.00392
log A1 = 0.56543 + 1.09348 log Re1 + log (206.9 V)4 – 0.00314
0.17971 (log Re1)2 – 0.00392 (log Re1)4
– 1.5 (log ψ)2 Backwash velocity, V = 0.0121 m/s
= 43.5 m/h
Example(c.Continuation):
Given for anthracite layer Re1 = (0.0121 m/s)/[(4520 m-1)*(1 –
ε)*(1.306x10-6 m2/s) = 2.05/(1 – ε)
Ε0 = 0.48
Ψ = 0.75
A1 = ε3/(1 – ε)2 * 999.7(1600 - 999.7)
V = 0.0121 m/s * (9.81 m/s2)/[(4520 m-1)3(1.307x10-
3)2] = 37.3 ε 3/(1 – ε)2

• Use deq = d90.

Sv = 6/(ψdeq) = 6/(0.75 * 1.77x10-3 m)
= 4520 m-1
Example(c.Continuation):
log [37.3 ε 3/(1 – ε)2] = 0.56543 + Total expansion = 0.15 + 0.04 = 0.19,
1.09348 log [2.05/(1 – ε)] + 0.17971 or 19% based on d90 size of sand and
(log [2.05/(1 – ε)])2 – 0.00392 (log anthracite.
[2.05/(1 – ε)])4 – 1.5 (log 0.75)2

ε = 0.50

L/L0 = (1 – 0.48)/(1 – 0.5) = 1.04

Example(d.Continuation):
d.)headloss in backwash=?
𝐿𝑒 (1−𝜀𝑒 )(𝜌𝑠 −𝜌)
Formula: ℎ =
𝜌
0.4[ 1−0.4 2650−999.7 + 1−0.48 1600−999.7 ]
h= = 0.52 m
999.7
APPLICATIONS
FILTRATION
Item Slow sand filter Rapid sand filter
Coagulation Not required Required
Area requirement Very large Small
Economy High cost Cheap and economical
Qty, of sand More Less
Quality of sand ES=0.3-035 mm , UC=1.75 ES=0.35-0.50, UC = 1.6
Rate of filtration 100-150 LPH/Sqm. 100-150 LPM/Sqm.
Flexibility in operation Not Possible Possible
Size of one unit 30m x 60m 6m x 8m to 8m x 10m
Skilled supervisors Not required Essentially required
Distribution of grain size Uniform Non uniform, fine at top and course at bottom

Filter head 15 to 75 cm 2 to 4m
Maintenance cost Small More
Cleaning period 1 to 3 months 2 to 3 days
Method of cleaning Scrapping the top layers Agitation and back washing
Construction simple Complicated
Suitability For small towns and villages where land cost is less For big cities where land cost is high

Efficiency More efficient for bacterial removal and less for Less efficient for bacterial removal and more efficient for
turbidity and colour removal turbidity and colour removal.
Penetration of suspended impurities Small Very deep

Base material Varies from 3 to 65 mm in size, and 30 to 75 cm in Varies from 3 to 40 mm in size, and 60 to 90 cm in
depth. depth.
Back washing quantity required No back washing required. Top sand layer is replaced. 2 to 4 % of filtered water.

Under drainage system 1.Laid to receive filtered water 1. Laid to receive filtered water and also to pass
2.Open joint pipes backwash water at a higher rate.
2. Manifold and latarals.
 La Mesa Treatment Plant
• LMTP 1 uses the standard conventional • LMTP 2 also uses coagulation-flocculation
coagulation-flocculation- process but employs the pulsator clarifier
sedimentation, rapid gravity dual- for turbidity removal. It undergoes single-
media filtration and chlorine gas media filtration and final disinfection by
chlorination.
disinfection
 Putatan Treatment Plant

The plant uses dissolved air

flotation, biological aerated
filtration, microfiltration,
ultrafiltration and reverse
osmosis to treat raw water
from Laguna Lake.
REFERENCES
• http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/frabah/files/2012/02/Water-treatment-
Lecture-5-EENV.pdf
• https://www.epa.ie/pubs/advice/drinkingwater/EPA_water_treatment
_manual_%20filtration1.pdf
• http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/filtration/filtration-1.html
• https://www.safewater.org/fact-sheets-
1/2017/1/23/ultrafiltrationnanoandro
• Water Supply and Sewerage by EW Steel and Terrence McGhee