College of Computers & Information Technology
Dep. of Information Technology
Operating
Systems
Lecture 1: Introduction
2019/2020 Modified by: Dr. Rasha Bin-Thalab
Course Syllabus
2
Introduction to OS (concepts &
structures)
Process management
Process
CPU scheduling
Process synchronization
Deadlocks
Memory management
Main memory and Virtual memory
Files management- File system
Course references
3
1. Silberschatz A., Galvin P., and Gagne G.,
2018, Operating Systems Concepts,
10thEdition, Wiley.
2. Tanenbaum, A.S. and Bos, H., 2014,
Modern Operating Systems, 4rdEdition,
Pearson
3. Stalling, W., 2014, Operating Systems:
Internal and Design Principles, 8th
Lecture Out Lines
4
What is an Operating System and what it
Does?
Computer-System Organization
Operations
Interrupts
Services
System calls
Operating-System Structure
Operating-System Evolution
What is an Operating
5
System?
A program that acts as an intermediary
between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware
Operating system goals:
Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier
Make the computer system convenient to use
Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner
?What does OS do
6
OS is a resource allocator
Manages all resources
Decides between conflicting requests for
efficient and fair resource use
OS is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent
errors and improper use of the computer
Computer Startup
7
bootstrap program is loaded at power-up
or reboot
Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally
known as firmware
Initializes all aspects of system
Loads operating system kernel and starts
execution
Computer system organization
8
One or more
CPUs, device Outside
controllers world
connect through
common bus
providing access
to shared Video Hard drive USB Network
controller controller controller controller
memory
Concurrent
execution of
CPUs and CPU
devices Computer internals
competing for (inside the “box”)
Memory
memory cycles
Computer system operation
9
I/O devices and the CPU can execute
concurrently
Each device controller is in charge of a
particular device type
Each device controller has a local buffer
CPU moves data from/to main memory
to/from local buffers
I/O is from the device to local buffer of
controller
Common functions of interrupt
10
Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt
service routine generally, through the interrupt
vector, which contains the addresses of all the
service routines
Interrupt architecture must save the address of
the interrupted instruction
A trap or exception is a software-generated
interrupt caused either by an error or a user
request
An operating system is interrupt driven
Interrupt handling
11
The operating system preserves the state
of the CPU by storing registers and the
program counter
Determines which type of interrupt has
occurred:
Polling: poll (send a signal out to) each device
to determine which one made the request.
vectored interrupt system: an interrupt signal
that includes the identity of the device sending
the interrupt signal
04/07/2020
Operating systems services
12
.
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. .
.
. . .
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Documents Phrase Grammar Extraction SOM
Phrase Feature Vectors
System Calls
Programming interface to the services provided by
the OS
Typically written in a high-level language (C or C+
+)
Mostly accessed by programs via a high-level
Application Programming Interface (API)
rather than direct system call use
Three most common APIs are Win32 API for
Windows, POSIX API for POSIX-based systems
(including virtually all versions of UNIX, Linux, and
Mac OS X), and Java API for the Java virtual
API – System Call – OS Relationship
System Call Parameter Passing
Three general methods used to pass parameters to
the OS
1. Simplest: pass the parameters in registers
In some cases, may be more parameters than registers
2. Parameters stored in a block, or table, in memory, and
address of block passed as a parameter in a register
This approach taken by Linux and Solaris
3. Parameters placed, or pushed, onto the stack by the
program and popped off the stack by the operating
system
Block and stack methods do not limit the number or
length of parameters being passed
Parameter Passing via Table
Types of System Calls
1) Process control
create process, terminate process
end, abort
load, execute
get process attributes, set process attributes
wait for time
wait event, signal event
allocate and free memory
Dump memory if error
Debugger for determining bugs, single step
execution
Locks for managing access to shared data between
Types of System Calls
2) File management
create file, delete file
open, close file
read, write, reposition
get and set file attributes
3) Device management
request device, release device
read, write, reposition
get device attributes, set device attributes
logically attach or detach devices
Types of System Calls (Cont.)
4) Information maintenance
get time or date, set time or date
get system data, set system data
get and set process, file, or device attributes
5) Communications
create, delete communication connection
send, receive messages if message passing model to host
name or process name
From client to server
Shared-memory model create and gain access to memory
regions
transfer status information
Types of System Calls (Cont.)
6) Protection
Control access to resources
Get and set permissions
Allow and deny user access
Examples of Windows and Unix System
Calls
21
Operating System Structure
22
General-purpose OS is very large program
Various ways to structure ones
1. Simple structure (Monolithic)
2. Layered – an abstraction
3. Microkernel –Mach
4. Modules Performanc
e
Security Reliability Scalability
Monolithic High L L L
Layered M L L M
Microkernel M M H M
Modules L H H H
Simple Structure (Monolithic) -- MS-
23
DOS
The entire operating system runs as a single program in
kernel mode. The operating system is written as a
collection of procedures, linked together into a single large
executable binary program.
This organization suggests a basic structure for the
operating system:
A main program that invokes the requested service procedure.
A set of service procedures that
.carry out the system calls
A set of utility procedures that
.help the service procedures
Layered systems
24
Organize the operating
system as a hierarchy of
layers, each one
constructed upon the one
below it.
Instead of layers, MULTICS
was described as having a
series of concentric rings,
with the inner ones being
more privileged than the
outer ones The advantage
Microkernel System Structure – 1
25
Moves as much from the kernel into user space
Mach example of microkernel
Communication takes place between user modules using
message passing
Benefits:
Easier to extend a microkernel
Easier to port the operating system to new architectures
More reliable (less code is running in kernel mode)
More secure
Detriments:
Performance overhead of user space to kernel space
Microkernel System Structure - 2
26
Application File Device user
Program System Driver mode
messages messages
Interprocess memory CPU kernel
Communication managment scheduling mode
microkernel
hardware
Modules
27
Many modern operating systems implement
loadable kernel modules
Uses object-oriented approach
Each core component is separate
Each talks to the others over known interfaces
Each is loadable as needed within the kernel
Overall, similar to layers but with more flexible
Linux, Solaris, etc
Hybrid Systems
28
Most modern operating systems are actually not one pure
model
Hybrid combines multiple approaches to address
performance, security, usability needs
Linux and Solaris kernels in kernel address space, so
monolithic, plus modular for dynamic loading of
functionality
Windows mostly monolithic, plus microkernel for different
subsystem personalities
Evolution of Operating Systems -
1
29
First generation: 1945 – 1955
Vacuum tubes
Plug boards
Second generation: 1955 – 1965
Transistors
Batch systems
Third generation: 1965 – 1980
Integrated circuits
Multiprogramming
Spooling (Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On
Line)
Evolution of Operating Systems -
2
30
Fourth generation: 1980 – present
Large scale integration and Very large scale integration
(LSI & VLSI)
Personal computers
OS revolution
Microsoft DOS
IBM PC + DOS/BASIC by Bill Gates and Paterson
80386 and 80 486 + MS/DOS - Command line based
Engelbart invented the Graphical User Interface, complete
with windows
Windows = MS DOS + GUI
Evolution of Operating Systems -
3
31
Fourth generation: 1980 – present (cont.)
UNIX
Based on MULTICS
Open source
Greatest on enterprise and network servers
FreeBSD, Solaris, Redhat
Network operating system
The users are aware of the existence of multiple computers
and can log in to remote machines and copy files from one
machine to another.
Each machine runs its own local operating system and has
Evolution of Operating Systems -
4
32
Fourth generation: 1980 – present (cont.)
Distributed operating system
One that appears to its users as a traditional uniprocessor
system, even though it is actually composed of multiple
processors.
The users should not be aware of where their programs are
being run or where their files are located; that should all be
handled automatically and efficiently by the operating
system.
Example: allow applications to run on several processors at
the same time, thus requiring more complex processor
scheduling algorithms in order to optimize the amount of
Evolution of Operating Systems -5
33
Fifth generation 1990 – present
Mobile computers
Nokia N9000 Combining telephony and computing
device PDA in a phone –like device
Smartphone – Ericson
Symbian OS
RIM’s Blackberry OS (2002)
Apple’s iOS for iPhone – 2007
Google’s Android is the dominant OS – 2008
Nokia ditched Symbian into windows phone - 2011
Evolution of Operating Systems -6
34
Next generation ???
Cloud computing
Volume, Velocity, and Variety (VVV) of Big
Data
Systems connected by high-speed networks?
Wide area resource management?
Withthe onset of new devices like wearables, which
includes, Smart Watches, Smart Glasses, VR gears etc,
