CHAPTER 3
MOLECULAR GENETICS
SECTION 1:
DNA : the genetic material
Essential
Questions
The discovery that DNA is the genetic
Main idea code involved many experiments.
vocabulary
DNA
structure
Individually
3m
Reading strategy
Read p67
Scientist have 2 questions:
1-How nucleotides came together to
form DNA ?
2-How DNA could communicate
information remained ?
Group activity
3m
3 points
DNA Structure
The nucleic acids
the subunit make up
Draw the subunit made of subunit
nucleic acid consist of
called
Nucleotides consist
Nucleotides of:
-a five-carbon sugar,
-a phosphate group,
- and a nitrogenous base
NUCLEOTIDE
The 2 nucleic acids found in living cell are:
Nucleotides
DNA RNA
Groups activity
Comparison between DNA and RNA
5m
3 points
DNA RNA
Type of sugar
Type of nitrogenous bases
A distinct nitrogen base
Draw a distinct nucleotide
Comparison between DNA and RNA
Type of sugar
Strand
Bases
Whole class activity
2m
1 point
Compare
between the
2
nucleotides?
Single-ringed bases Double-ringed bases
Types of Nucleotides:
Four Different Nitrogen Bases
1- Purine (two rings) 2- Pyrimidine (one ring)
• Adenine • Cytosine
• Thymine
• Guanine
• Uracil (not found in DNA)
14
Complete sentences as appropriate
Nucleotide-the basic/repeated unit of…………
DNA
Key:
P
P =phosphate
…………………..
Base
…………………………….
=Deoxyribose
Sugar Sugar …………………………….
Sugar
Nucleotide
…………………..
Base …………………………
=Nitrogen bases:
………………………..
A, G, T or C
Could you count the number and types of Nucleotides?
1-Nucleotide number=? 5
2-Nucleotide type=? 4
3-Purine base=? 2
4-Pyrimidine base=? 3
Analyzed the amount of
adenine,guanine,thymine and cytosine in the
DNA of various species.
Chargaff determined in 1950 that:
Chargaff 1-The amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine
2- and the amount of guanine equals the amount of
cytosine
Chargaff's rule C = G and T = A
Chargaff
18
If 23% of your DNA consists of G, how much C do you have?
٪2
٪54 ٪46 ٪23
7
If 17% of DNA consists of T, how much % of G is there?
٪34 ٪66 ٪33 ٪17
The structure question
When 4 scientists joined the search
for the DNA structure
1- Rosalind Franklin .
2- Maurice Wilkins The meaning and importance of
3- Francis Crick Chargaff’s data became clear
4- J.Watson
Franklin took Photo 51 by a technique called X-ray diffraction
What do you notice from the pictures?
X-ray Diffraction
Aim X-
rays at
the
DNA
molecule
Wilkins Franklin Took Phopto
51
Indicated that DNA was:
1-A double helix.
2-Twisted ladder shape.
3-Formed by two strands of
nucleotides twisted around each
other.
Molecular Genetics
X-ray Diffraction Rosalind Franklin’s (1951) famous
photo of X ray diffraction of DNA
X-ray diffraction data helped
solve the structure of DNA
Indicated that DNA was
a double helix
Watson and Crick
Built a model of the
double helix of DNA
Watson and Crick used research
To built a model
of the double
helix of DNA
Molecular Genetics
Watson and Crick
DNA Double Helix
1. two outside strands consist
of alternating deoxyribose
and phosphate
2. cytosine and guanine bases
pair to each other by three
hydrogen bonds
3. thymine and adenine bases
pair to each other by two
hydrogen bonds
5
O
Watson and Crick 3
Nitrogenous
bases
3
DNA Double Helix P
O
5 P
5
O G C
1 2 3
Sugar-
4 4 phosphate
2 1 backbone
3 5
O
P P
5
T A 3
O
5
P 3 P
Nitrogen base pairing
Suggest the base
A
pair in
complementary
DNA strand.
G
T
1-Complete as appropriate
“Rungs of ladder”
Nitrogenous
…………………….
…………………….
Base (A,T,G or C)
…………………….
…………………….
“Legs of ladder
outside strands”
……………………
Phosphate &
Sugar Backbone
…………………….
DNA Double Helix
…………………………………………
2-match each sentence with the correct label
thymine and adenine
bases pair to each
other by two hydrogen
bonds
Outside strands
consist of alternating
deoxyribose and
phosphate
cytosine and guanine
bases pair to each
other by 3 hydrogen
bonds
DNA called a twisted ladder
Proposed bonding
of the bases
explains
Ensuring a
consistent
Explains
distance
Chargaff’s data
between 2 rails
of ladder
Complementary baes pairing
Describe characteristic
of DNA replication
Write the correct
name of the bases,
A
Then determine U
which is in DNA only
and which is in RNA
only.
C T G
CHAPTER 3
MOLECULAR GENETICS
SECTION 1:
DNA : the genetic material
Essential
Questions
vocabulary
Groups activity
5min
2point
Create a memory (device)
sketch to remember how the
nitrogenous bas are always
starter paired
Groups activity
3 min
Reading Read p (68) DNA structure
strategy
Individual activity 1 Explain the DNA structure compared to twisted ladder
2m
Groups activity
3 min Infer the distance between the two strands of DNA
6 points 2 consistent?
3 If G= 13% of your DNA how match C do you have
Stick strategy Choose the right answer
4 * C=T * C+T=G+A * purine = pyrimidine
Complementary base pairing used to determine the
5 DNA replication.
True false
6 If A =23 , how match C in the DNA?
Rails of the ladder
are represented by
the
alternating deoxyribose
+ phosphate
DNA is
compared to The pairs of
bases
a twisted (cytosine–guanine or
ladder thymine–adenine)
form the steps.
A purine base always binds to pyrimidine base
consistent Ensuring a consistent distance between the tow
distance strands
between 2
strands of
DNA
If G= 13% of
your DNA how
match C do you
have
Choose the right answer
• C=T
* C+T=G+A
* purine = pyrimidine
Complementary base pairing used
to determine the DNA replication.
true false
If A =23 , how
match C in the
DNA?
Individual activity
Groups activity
5m
orientation
Carbon
numbering in
DNA sugar
Molecular Genetics
Orientation
On the top rail,
the strand is said
to be oriented 5′
to 3′.
The strand on
the bottom runs
in the opposite
direction and is
oriented 3′ to
5′.
The two strands are said to run anti-parallel
other
One
strand
strand
Hydrogen
bonds
The orientation of the two strands is called
antiparallel (one strand right side up and
other stand upside down)
Stands named by their Carbon orientation,
C-5 (5’) read five prime
or C-3 (3’) read three prime
48
Write the bases for the
Following number.
11
10
9
8
7
5
4
3
2
1
points Self Teacher
evaluation evaluation
The model shows the 2
Double helix
structure
DNA STRUCTUR The model shows 2
MODLE Complementary base
pairing
Labeling the 2
composition of the
structure
Cooperation between 2
students of the group
Creativity in model 2
designing
Molecular Genetics
What is the base-
pairing rule for
purines and
pyrimidines in True or False
the DNA A. A—G and C—T
molecule? B. A—T and C—G The work of Watson and
C. C—A and G—T Crick solved the mystery
of how DNA works as a
D. C—U and A—G
genetic code.
Chromosome Structure
Describe DNA molecule
position and shape
The DNA
molecule in
prokaryotes
Prokaryote Let’sEukaryote
compare
The DNA thems
s
molecule in
prokaryotes and Where is the
Eukaryotes cytoplas geneticnucleus
material
m
DNA present in
the cell ?
A ring of
DNA and Individual
Genetic form
associated chromosom
proteins es
Eukaryotes Chromosome Structure
million 140
nucleotides long in
straight line
It’s about 5
centimeters
Number of base
pairs= 51 to 245
million How will it fit into
the nucleus of a
eukaryotic cell?!!!!
Molecular Genetics
Chromosome Structure
DNA coils around histones to form nucleosomes,
which coil to form chromatin fibers.
The chromatin fibers supercoil to form chromosomes
that are visible in the metaphase stage of mitosis.
DNA
nucleosomes
Describe the structure
Chromatin
of eukaryotic
fiber
chromosome
Supercoiled
fiber
Condensed section of
chromosome
chromosome
• An average
sized
chromosome
would be 5 cm
long if the DNA
were stretched
out
• DNA is
packaged to be
condensed in
the cell’s
nucleus
+
++
What helped the
DNA to coils
around histones?
The negative charge of the phosphate groups in DNA
attracts the DNA to the positive charge in histone proteins.
Molecular Genetics
Look at the following figure. Identify the
proteins that DNA first coils around.
A. chromatin fibers
B. chromosomes
C. histones
D. nucleosome
Molecular Genetics
Vocabulary double helix
Section 1 nucleosome
2
