8051
UART
Serial Port
Why Serial Communication?
- Parallel I/O uses many signal pins
- Cost of cable
- Many applications do not need high data rate
Basics of Serial Communication
• Serial data communication uses two methods:
• Synchronous method transfers a block of data at a time
• Asynchronous method transfers a single byte at a time
• It is possible to write software to use either of these methods
• The programs can be tedious and long
• There are special IC chips made by many manufacturers for serial
communications:
• UART (universal asynchronous receiver transmitter)
• USART (universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter)
Half- and Full-Duplex Transmission
• If data can be transmitted and received, it is a duplex transmission
• If data transmitted one way a time, it is referred to as half duplex
• If data can go both ways at a time, it is full duplex
• This is contrast to simplex transmission
UART Protocol
• A protocol is a set of rules agreed by both the sender and receiver on:
• How the data is packed
• How many bits constitute a character
• When the data begins and ends
• Asynchronous serial data communication is widely used for character-
oriented transmissions
• Each character is placed in between start and stop bits, this is called framing
• The start bit is always one bit
• The stop bit can be one or two bits
• The start bit is always a 0 (low)
• The stop bit(s) is 1 (high)
Registers Used in 8051 UART
• SBUF (8-bit) Hold data to be transmitted or Save received data
• SCON (8-bit) Used for serial port control settings
SBUF Register
• SBUF is an 8-bit register used solely for serial
communication
• For a byte data to be transferred via the TxD line, it must be
placed in the SBUF register
• The moment a byte is written into SBUF, it is framed with the start and
stop bits and transferred serially via the TxD line
• SBUF holds the byte of data when it is received by 8051 RxD line
• When the bits are received serially via RxD, the 8051 deframes it by
eliminating the stop and start bits, and then placing the byte in SBUF
SCON Register
• SCON is bit-adressable register used to program the start bit, stop
bit, and data bits of data framing, among other things
SCON Register (cont.)
• SM0, SM1
• They determine the framing of data by specifying the number of bits per
character, and the start and stop bits
• SM2
• This enables the multiprocessing capability of the 8051
SCON Register (cont.)
• REN (receive enable)
• When it is high, it allows 8051 to receive data on RxD pin
• If low, the receiver is disable
• TI (transmit interrupt)
• When 8051 finishes the transfer of 8-bit character
• It raises TI flag to indicate that it is ready to transfer another byte
• TI bit is raised at the beginning of the stop bit
• RI (receive interrupt)
• When 8051 receives data serially via RxD, it gets rid of the start and
stop bits and places the byte in SBUF register
• It raises the RI flag bit to indicate that a byte has been received and should be
picked up before it is lost
• RI is raised halfway through the stop bit
Data Transfer Rate - BAUD RATE
• The rate of data transfer in serial data communication is stated in bps
(bits per second)
• Another widely used terminology for bps is baud rate
• It is modem terminology and is defined as the number of signal changes per
second
• In 8051 Timer-1 in 8-bit Auto reload mode-2 is used to generate
baud rate
How Timer value for Baud Rate is Generated??
• Formula is
TH1 = -[(Xtal÷12)÷32 ]/ Baudrate]
e.g for Xtal=11.0592Mhz, and Baud Rate= 4800bps
TH1 = -[(11.0592*10^6 ÷ 12) ÷32 ]/ 4800] = -6
coding steps to transmit data
Load TH1
Load TMOD for Load SBUF with data to be
according to
Timer-1 in Load SCON Start transmitted
required baud
Mode 2 timer
rate
Goto next step Wait for TI
according your Clr TI flag to become high
requirement (wait for completion
of data transmission)
Write a C program for 8051 to transfer the letter “A” serially at 4800 baud continuously. Use 8-bit data
and 1 stop bit.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
TMOD=0x20; //use Timer 1, mode 2
TH1=0xFA; //4800 baud rate
SCON=0x50;
TR1=1;
while (1)
{
SBUF=‘A’; //place value in buffer
while (TI==0);
TI=0;
}
}
Write an 8051 C program to transfer the message “YES” serially at 9600 baud, 8-bit data, 1 stop bit. Do this
continuously.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void SerTx(unsigned char);
void main(void)
{
TMOD=0x20; //use Timer 1, mode 2 void SerTx(unsigned char x)
{
TH1=0xFD; //9600 baud rate
SBUF=x; //place value in buffer
SCON=0x50; while (TI==0); //wait until transmitted
TR1=1; //start timer TI=0;
}
while (1)
{
SerTx(‘Y’);
SerTx(‘E’);
SerTx(‘S’);
}
}
coding steps to transmit data
Wait for RI
Load TH1 to become high
Load TMOD for
according to (wait for completion of data
Timer-1 in Load SCON Start
required baud reception)
Mode 2 timer
rate
Goto next step Take out received
according your Clr RI flag data from SBUF reg
requirement
Program the 8051 in C to receive bytes of data serially and put them in P1. Set the baud rate at 4800, 8-bit data, and 1
stop bit.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char mybyte;
TMOD=0x20; //use Timer 1, mode 2
TH1=0xFA; //4800 baud rate
SCON=0x50;
TR1=1; //start timer
while (1) //repeat forever
{
while (RI==0); //wait to receive
mybyte=SBUF; //save value
P1=mybyte; //write value to port
RI=0;
}
}
Write an 8051 C program to send two different strings to the serial port. Assuming that SW is connected to pin P2.0, monitor its
status and make a decision as follows:
SW = 0: send your first name
SW = 1: send your last name , Assume XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, baud rate of 9600, 8-bit data, 1 stop bit.
How To Increase Baud Rate??
• There are two ways to increase the baud rate of data transfer
1. To use a higher frequency crystal
2. To change a bit in the PCON register
• PCON register is an 8-bit register
• When 8051 is powered up, SMOD is zero by default, We can set it to high by software and
thereby double the baud rate
Baud rate when SMOD=1 in
PCON register?
