Department of Telecommunication Engineering
Course Title : CONTROL SYSTEMS
Course Code : 16TE5A2
UNIT - I
INTRODUCTION
AND
MODELING SYSTEMS
1
UNIT – I Syllabus
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 2
What is control systems ?
• A control system is a system, which provides the
desired response by controlling the output.
• A control system manages, commands, directs,
or regulates the behavior of other devices
or systems using control loops.
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 3
Classification of Control Systems
• Natural control systems
• Manmade Control Systems
• Combinational control systems
• Time varying and Time – Invariant Systems
• Continuous time and Discrete-time Control Systems
• SISO and MIMO Control Systems
• Open Loop and Closed Loop Control Systems
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 4
Natural control systems
•Biological systems
Manmade Control Systems
•Ex: Vehicles, switches, Various controllers etc.
Combinational control systems
•Natural and manmade
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 5
Time varying and Time – Invariant Systems
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 6
Continuous time and Discrete-time Control
Systems
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 7
SISO and MIMO Control Systems
• Based on input and output.
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 8
Open Loop Control Systems
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 9
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 10
Examples:
• Sprinkler used in water a Lawn
• Stepper motor positioning system
• Automatic Toaster system
• Traffic Light Controller
• Automatic Door opening and closing systems
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 11
Automatic Toaster system
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 12
Traffic Light Controller
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 13
Advantages:
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 14
Disadvantages:
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 15
Closed Loop Control Systems
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 16
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 17
Examples:
• Human being
• Home heating system
• Ship stabilization system
• Manual speed control system
• DC Motor speed control
• Temperature control system
• Missile Launching system
• Voltage Stabilizer
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 18
Human being
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 19
Home heating system
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 20
Closed Loop Control Systems
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 21
Advantages:
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 22
Disadvantages:
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 23
Differences between the open loop and the closed loop control
systems
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 24
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 25
Transfer Function
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 26
Types of Feedback
• Positive feedback
• Negative feedback
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 27
Positive Feedback
T is the transfer function or overall gain of positive feedback control system.
G is the open loop gain, which is function of frequency.
H is the gain of feedback path, which is function of frequency.
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 28
Negative Feedback
T is the transfer function or overall gain of negative feedback control system.
G is the open loop gain, which is function of frequency.
H is the gain of feedback path, which is function of frequency.
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 29
Effect of Feedback on Overall Gain
• overall gain of negative feedback closed loop control system is the ratio of
'G' and (1+GH). So, the overall gain may increase or decrease depending
on the value of (1+GH).
• If the value of (1+GH) is less than 1, then the overall gain increases. In
this case, 'GH' value is negative because the gain of the feedback path is
negative.
• If the value of (1+GH) is greater than 1, then the overall gain decreases.
In this case, 'GH' value is positive because the gain of the feedback path
is positive.
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 30
Effect of Feedback on Stability
• A system is said to be stable, if its output is
under control. Otherwise, it is said to be
unstable.
• if the denominator value is zero (i.e., GH =
-1), then the output of the control system will
be infinite. So, the control system becomes
unstable.
• choose the feedback in order to make the
control system stable.
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 31
Effect of Feedback on Noise – open loop control system
input R(s) equal to zero
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 32
Effect of Feedback on Noise – Closed loop control system
input R(s) equal to zero
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 33
Basics of Laplace Transform
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 34
Table of Laplace Transform
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 35
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 36
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 37
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 38
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 39
Mr.Mohana, Dept.of. TE, RVCE 40
