Pemrograman
OpenGL Dasar
TIU:
Mahasiswa mampu menghasilkan aplikasi Komputer Grafik sederhana
(4) (5)
Mampu menghasilkan aplikasi Mampu menghasilkan aplikasi
pengolah grafis yang memiliki pengolah grafis yang memiliki
kemampuan mentransformasi obyek kemampuan mengatur viewing dan
vektor dan berinteraksi dengan shading (C5,P3)
pengguna (C5,P3)
(3)
Mampu menganalisa aplikasi pengolah grafis yang
menampilkan gambar 2 dimensi (C4,P3)
(2)
Mampu menggunakan aplikasi pengolah grafis 3D untuk membuat
animasi 3 dimensi sederhana (C3,P3)
(1)
Mampu menjelaskan konsep dasar grafika di komputer (C2)
Entry Behaviour
Memahami konsep Vektor,
Persamaan Linier, Matrik, dan Memahami konsep
Determinan pemrograman berorientasi
Obyek
Bahasan
Pokok: Konsep dan cara pemrograman OpenGL API
dasar untuk menampilkan grafis 2 dimensi
Sub:
OpenGL API
GLUT
Primitif dan atributnya
Warna
Viewing dasar
Fungsi program dasar
The Programmer’s Interface
Programmer sees the graphics system through a
software interface: the Application Programmer
Interface (API)
API Contents
Functions that specify what we need to form
an image
Objects
Viewer
Light Source(s)
Materials
Other information
Input from devices such as mouse and keyboard
Capabilities of system
Object Specification
Most APIs support a limited set of primitives
including
Points (0D object)
Line segments (1D objects)
Polygons (2D objects)
Some curves and surfaces
Quadrics
Parametric polynomials
All are defined through locations in space or
vertices
OpenGL
The success of GL lead to OpenGL (1992), a
platform-independent API that was
Easy to use
Close enough to the hardware to get excellent
performance
Focus on rendering
Omitted windowing and input to avoid window
system dependencies
OpenGL Libraries
OpenGL core library
OpenGL32 on Windows
GL on most unix/linux systems (libGL.a)
OpenGL Utility Library (GLU)
Provides functionality in OpenGL core but avoids
having to rewrite code
Links with window system
GLX for X window systems
WGL for Windows
AGL for Macintosh
GLUT
OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT)
Provides functionality common to all window
systems
Open a window
Get input from mouse and keyboard
Menus
Event-driven
Code is portable but GLUT lacks the
functionality of a good toolkit for a specific
platform
No slide bars
Software Organization
application program
OpenGL Motif
widget or similar GLUT
GLX, AGL
or WGL GLU
X, Win32, Mac O/S GL
software and/or hardware
OpenGL function format
function name
dimensions
glVertex3f(x,y,z)
x,y,z are floats
belongs to GL library
glVertex3fv(p)
p is a pointer to an array
Example
type of object
location of vertex
glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
glVertex3f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glVertex3f(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
glVertex3f(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
glEnd( );
end of object definition
OpenGL Primitives
GL_POINTS GL_POLYGON
GL_LINES GL_LINE_STRIP
GL_LINE_LOOP
GL_TRIANGLES
GL_QUAD_STRIP
GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP GL_TRIANGLE_FAN
A Simple Program
Generate a square on a solid background
simple.c
#include <GL/glut.h>
void mydisplay(){
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex2f(-0.5, -0.5);
glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.5);
glVertex2f(0.5, 0.5);
glVertex2f(0.5, -0.5);
glEnd();
glFlush();
}
int main(int argc, char** argv){
glutCreateWindow("simple");
glutDisplayFunc(mydisplay);
glutMainLoop();
}
OpenGL #defines
Most constants are defined in the include files
gl.h, glu.h and glut.h
Note #include <GL/glut.h> should
automatically include the others
Examples
glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
include
files also define OpenGL data types:
GLfloat, GLdouble,….
Event Loop
Note that the program defines a
display
callback function named mydisplay
Every glut program must have a display callback
The display callback is executed whenever OpenGL
decides the display must be refreshed, for example
when the window is opened
The main function ends with the program entering
an event loop
Latihan
Buatlah Program yang menampilkan kotak
diatas
Defaults
simple.c is too simple
Makes heavy use of state variable default
values for
Viewing
Colors
Window parameters
Next version will make the defaults more
explicit
Program Structure
Most OpenGL programs have a similar structure
that consists of the following functions
main():
defines the callback functions
opens one or more windows with the required properties
enters event loop (last executable statement)
init(): sets the state variables
Viewing
Attributes
callbacks
Display function
Input and window functions
simple.c revisited
In this version, we shall see the same output
but we have defined all the relevant state
values through function calls using the default
values
In particular, we set
Colors
Viewing conditions
Window properties
main.c
#include <GL/glut.h> includes gl.h
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
glutInit(&argc,argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE|GLUT_RGB);
glutInitWindowSize(500,500);
glutInitWindowPosition(0,0);
glutCreateWindow("simple"); define window properties
glutDisplayFunc(mydisplay);
display callback
init(); set OpenGL state
glutMainLoop();
} enter event loop
GLUT functions
glutInit allows application to get command line arguments and
initializes system
gluInitDisplayMode requests properties for the window (the
rendering context)
RGB color
Single buffering
Properties logically ORed together
glutWindowSize in pixels
glutWindowPosition from top-left corner of display
glutCreateWindow create window with title “simple”
glutDisplayFunc display callback
glutMainLoop enter infinite event loop
init.c
black clear color
void init() opaque window
{
glClearColor (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
glColor3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0); fill/draw with white
glMatrixMode (GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity ();
glOrtho(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0);
}
viewing volume
RGB color
Each color component is stored separately in the
frame buffer
Usually 8 bits per component in buffer
Note in glColor3f the color values range from 0.0
(none) to 1.0 (all), whereas in glColor3ub the
values range from 0 to 255
Indexed Color
Colors are indices into tables of RGB values
Requires less memory
indices usually 8 bits
not as important now
Memory inexpensive
Need more colors for shading
Color and State
The color as set by glColor becomes part of the state
and will be used until changed
Colors and other attributes are not part of the object
but are assigned when the object is rendered
We can create conceptual vertex colors by code such as
glColor
glVertex
glColor
glVertex
Smooth Color
Default is smooth shading
OpenGL interpolates vertex colors across visible
polygons
Alternative is flat shading
Color of first vertex
determines fill color
glShadeModel
(GL_SMOOTH)
or GL_FLAT
Rangkuman
API berfungsi sebagai perantara antara
aplikasi dengan hardware
Membuat tampilan 2 dimensi sederhana
menggunakan OpenGL
Penjelasan Fungsi-fungsi dasar pembentuk
program OpenGL
Contoh Soal
Buat tampilan sebagai berikut:
Jawaban
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <GL/glut.h>
void display()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0);
glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0);
glVertex3f(-2.0,-2.0,0.0);
glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0);
glColor3f(0.0,1.0,0.0);
glVertex3f(0.0,2.0,0.0);
glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0);
glColor3f(0.0,0.0,1.0);
glVertex3f(2.0,-2.0,0.0);
glEnd();
glFlush();
void myinit()
{
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
gluOrtho2D(-2.0,2.0,-2.0,2.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0);
glColor3f(0.0,0.0,0.0);
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
if (argv[1] != NULL)
{ n=atoi(argv[1]);
}
else n=5;
glutInit(&argc,argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB);
glutInitWindowSize(500,500);
glutInitWindowPosition(100,100);
glutCreateWindow("Segitiga Warna");
glutDisplayFunc(display);
myinit();
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
Contoh Soal
Buatlah tampilan program Sierpinski Gasket
Referensi
Edward Angel, “Interactive Computer
Graphics Fourth Edition”, Pearson, 2006, ch
2, p 46 – 84
F. S. Hill, Jr., “Computer Graphics Using
OpenGL Second Edition”, Prentice Hall,
2001, ch 2, p 39 - 63
