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Pros and Cons of Propositional Logic

Propositional logic represents statements as combinations of propositional variables using logical connectives like AND and OR. It has limited expressiveness since it does not model objects, relations, or functions in the world. First-order logic builds on propositional logic by allowing variables to represent objects, predicates to represent relations between objects, and functions of objects. It can more accurately model real-world domains by quantifying over objects and relations using quantifiers like "forall" and "there exists". The truth of first-order logic statements depends on an interpretation that specifies the domain of objects and interpretations of predicates and functions.

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Nitesh Mishra
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299 views8 pages

Pros and Cons of Propositional Logic

Propositional logic represents statements as combinations of propositional variables using logical connectives like AND and OR. It has limited expressiveness since it does not model objects, relations, or functions in the world. First-order logic builds on propositional logic by allowing variables to represent objects, predicates to represent relations between objects, and functions of objects. It can more accurately model real-world domains by quantifying over objects and relations using quantifiers like "forall" and "there exists". The truth of first-order logic statements depends on an interpretation that specifies the domain of objects and interpretations of predicates and functions.

Uploaded by

Nitesh Mishra
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pros and cons of propositional

logic
Propositional logic is declarative

Propositional logic is compositional:


– meaning of B1,1  P1,2 is derived from meaning of B1,1 and of P1,2
Meaning in propositional logic is context-independent
– (unlike natural language, where meaning depends on context)
Propositional logic has very limited expressive power
– (
»
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First-order logic
• Whereas propositional logic assumes the
world contains facts,
• first-order logic (like natural language)
assumes the world contains
– Objects: people, houses, numbers, colors,
baseball games, wars, …
– Relations: red, round, prime, brother of,
bigger than, part of, comes between, …
– Functions: father of, best friend, one more
than, plus, …
–
Syntax of FOL: Basic elements
• Constants KingJohn, 2, NUS,...
• Predicates Brother, >,...
• Functions Sqrt, LeftLegOf,...
• Variables x, y, a, b,...
• Connectives , , , , 
• Equality =
• Quantifiers , 
Truth in first-order logic
• Sentences are true with respect to a model and an interpretation

• Model contains objects (domain elements) and relations among


them

• Interpretation specifies referents for


constant symbols → objects
predicate symbols → relations
function symbols → functional relations

• An atomic sentence predicate(term1,...,termn) is true


iff the objects referred to by term1,...,termn
are in the relation referred to by predicate
Models for FOL: Example
Universal quantification
 <variables> <sentence>

Everyone at NUS is smart:


x At(x,NUS)  Smart(x)

 x P is true in a model m iff P is true with x being each


possible object in the model

•
Existential quantification
 <variables> <sentence>

• Someone at NUS is smart:


 x At(x,NUS)  Smart(x)$

 x P is true in a model m iff P is true with x being some


possible object in the model

•
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•
Properties of quantifiers
 x y is the same as y x
 x y is the same as y x

 x y is not the same as y x


 x y Loves(x,y)
– “There is a person who loves everyone in the world”
 y x Loves(x,y)
– “Everyone in the world is loved by at least one person”

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