ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF TALL

BUILDINGS (CE 6114)

Professor Dr. Shafiul Bari

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, BUET.
 BOOKS
Two Books (No 1 & 2) are Mandatory

1. B. Stafford & A. Coull (1991): Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design , John
Wiley & Sons.

2. W. Schueller (1977): High Rise Building Structures , John Wiley & Sons.

3. BNBC: Bangladesh National Building Code-1993

4.The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (1995): Structural Systems for Tall
Buildings, McGraw Hill.
5. Taranath, B. (1988): Structural Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings, 2nd. Ed.,
McGraw Hill.
6. White & Salmon, (1987): Building Structural Design Handbook, John Wiley & Sons.
7. Schueller (1996): The Design of Building Structures, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
8. Nilson et el: Design of concrete structures .
9. Fintel: Handbook of concrete engineering
 Class Lectures
(Total 12 Nos)

• Lecture – 1 : Introduction
• Lecture – 2 : Tall Building Criteria and Loading , Structural Form
• Lecture – 3 : Architectural Planning (FAR) & HVAC system.
• Lecture – 4 : Floor System (Behavior Under Gravity Load)
• Lecture – 5 : Structural System (Behavior Under Lateral Load)
• Lecture – 6 : Structural Modeling and Analysis of Tall Buildings
• Lecture – 7 : Rigid Frame & Drift Control
• Lecture – 8 : Shear Wall & Coupled Shear Wall
• Lecture – 9 : Wall-Frame & Tubular System
• Lecture – 10 : Design of Structural Members & Foundation Design
• Lecture – 11 : Fire Safety Engineering
• Lecture – 12 : Construction and Project Management Aspects
 Lecture - 1

• What is “Tall Building” ?

• Classification can be done in many ways:
– Based on total height
– Based on “Relative Height”
– Based on number of floors
– Based on structural response
• From Structural Point of View:
– Tall building is the one in which selection, behavior and design of
lateral load resisting system significantly effects the overall
design of the building
 Lecture - 1

• For any structural/floor systems, we will discuss:

– How to select the system
– What is the behavior of the system
– How to model the system for structural analysis
• How to integrate the systems and analyze the entire building model
• How to interpret the analysis results for system components
• How to design the components based on analysis results
• How to use ETABS for modeling, analysis and design of building
systems and components
 Lecture - 1

Special Considerations
• Story Drift for Occupant Perception
• Axial Shortening of Columns
• Transfer Girders and Deep Beams
• Shear Wall Design and Detailing
• Construction Sequence Analysis
• Seismic Performance and Dynamic Analysis
 Lecture - 1

Tall Building Systems

• Building is an assemblage of various Systems
– Basic Functional System
– Structural System
– HVAC System
– Plumbing and Drainage System
– Electrical, Electronic and Communication System
– Security System
– Other specialized systems
 Lecture - 1

The Building Structural System - Conceptual

• The Gravity Load Resisting System (GLRS)
– The structural system (beams, slab, girders, columns, etc)
that act primarily to support the gravity or vertical loads
• The Lateral Load Resisting System (LLRS)
– The structural system (columns, shear walls, bracing, etc)
that primarily acts to resist the lateral loads
• The Floor Diaphragm (FD)
– The structural system that transfers lateral loads to the
lateral load resisting system and provides in-plane floor
stiffness
 Lecture - 1

Knowledge Model for System Selection

• Architecture
• Building Services
• Construction Eng.
• Value Eng.
• Aesthetics
• Ergonomics Eng.
• Structural Eng.
• Knowledge Eng.
• Economics
• Artificial Intelligence
• System Eng.
• Common Sense
 Lecture - 1

Selection of Structural System

Function has considerable effect on the selection of structural system
Based on Function/Occupancy of Tall Buildings:
• Residential Buildings
– Apartments
– Hotels
– Dormitories
• Office and Commercial Buildings
• Mixed Occupancy – Commercial + Residential
• Industrial Buildings and Parking Garages
 Lecture - 1

Typical Characteristics of Residential Bldg

• Known location of partitions and their load
• Column lines generally matches architectural layout
• Typical spans 15-22 ft
• Tall buildings economy is achieved using the thinnest slab
• One way pre-cast or flat slab – popular
• Lateral load resistance provided by frame or shear walls
• More or less fixed M/E system layouts
 Lecture - 1

Typical Characteristics of Office and Commercial Bldg

• Unknown location of partitions and their load
• Typical spans 20-35 ft
• Need for flexible M/E layouts
• Post-tension or ribbed and flat slab with drop panel –
popular
• Ideal balance between vertical and lateral load resisting
systems: sufficient shear walls to limit the resultant
tension under gravity plus wind
• Lateral load resistance varies significantly
 Lecture - 1

Gravity Load Resisting Systems Purpose

“ To Transfer Gravity Loads Applied at the Floor Levels down to the
Foundation Level”
• Direct Path Systems
• Slab Supported on Load Bearing Walls
• Slab Supported on Columns
• Indirect Multi Path Systems
• Slab Supported on Beams
• Beams Supported on Other Beams
• Beams Supported on Walls or Columns
 Lecture - 1

Vertical Load Resisting Systems

1. Slabs supported on Long Rigid Supports
– Supported on stiff Beams or Walls
– One-way and Two-way Slabs
– Main consideration is flexural reinforcement
2. Slab-System supported on Small Rigid Supports
– Supported on Columns directly
– Flat Slab Floor systems
– Main consideration is shear transfer, moment distribution in various
parts, lateral load resistance
3. Slabs supported on soil
– Slabs on Grade: Light, uniformly distributed loads
– Footings, Mat etc. Heavy concentrated loads
 Lecture - 1

Popular Gravity Load Resting Systems

• Direct Load Transfer Systems (Single load transfer path)
– Flat Slab and Flat Plate
– Beam-Slab
– Waffle Slab
– Wall Joist
• Indirect Load Transfer System (Multi step load transfer path)
– Beam, Slab
– Girder, Beam, Slab
– Girder, Joist
 Lecture - 1

– Some Sample Floor Slab Types

– Slab Only
– Hollow Core Slab
– Pre-Cast Slab Panels
– Beam and Slab
– Beam-Slab
– Girder-Beam Slab
– Joist Slab
– Girder-Joist Slab
– Pre-Cast Slab-Beam System
 Lecture - 1

• Some Sample Floor Slab Systems

Flat Slab Hollow Block Slab

Flat Slab + Capital Composite Girder-Slab
Flat Slab + Drop Panel Composite Truss Slab
Flat Slab + Drop Panel + Alpha Truss System
Capital Wooden Beam, Rafter
Waffle Slab Plank System
Band Slab Sandwich Panels
Inverted Band Slab Flat Plate
Metal Deck/ Wood Deck Flat Plate
Composite Metal Deck
 Lecture - 1

Selection of Layout and Type of Slab

• Basic Consideration
• Span Length: Small, Medium, Long
• Panel aspect ratio: Square, rectangular, oblong
• Loads: Light, Medium, Heavy
• Ducts and Piping: Electrical, Mechanical, Water supply
• Openings: Size and Location
• Architectural consideration: Aesthetics, clearance, etc
• Special elements: Drop Panel, Column Capital, Beams
• Construction Considerations: Form work, time, case of
considerations
 Lecture - 1
• Flat plates
Small Spans ( 4.5 to 6 m)
Relatively light load < 500 Kg/m2 ( 5 kPa )
Common for residential buildings
Used where Drop panel or Column capital undesirable
Easy construction. Low overall height of building
• Flat Slabs
Medium Spans ( 6.0 to 9.0 m)
Relatively heavy load > 500 Kg/m2 ( 5 kPa )
Common in industrial floors, parking areas etc.
• Waffle Slab
Large spans ( 7.5 – 12 m )
Relatively heavy loads
Common for public buildings. More aesthetic appearance
Difficult to construct. Requires special form work
 Lecture - 1
Selection of Slab System
• Beam-Slabs / Beam and Slabs
Medium to large spans ( 5 to 10 m)
Relatively economical in concrete and steel cost
Greater depth: Increase in building height
• Band Slab
Medium spans ( 5 to 9 m)
More economical than Flat Slab
Common in industrial floors, parking areas etc.
• One-way Joist and Beams
Large spans ( 7.5 – 12 m )
Easier to construct than Waffle slabs
Suitable for high-rise office building
Beams on shorter side, Joist on longer side
 Lecture - 1

Purpose
“ To Transfer Lateral Loads Applied at any location in the
structure down to the Foundation Level”
• Single System
• Moment Resisting Frames
• Braced Frames
• Shear Walls
• Tubular Systems
• Dual System
• Shear Wall - Frames
• Tube + Frame + Shear Wall
 Lecture - 1

Lateral Loads
• Primary Lateral Loads
– Load generated by Wind Pressure
– Load generated due to Seismic Excitation
• Other Lateral Loads
– Load generated due to horizontal component of Gravity
Loads in Inclined Systems and in Un-symmetrical
structures
– Load due to lateral soil pressure, liquid and material
retention
 Lecture - 1
Sample Lateral Load Resistance Systems
• Bearing wall system
– Light frames with shear panels
– Load bearing shear walls
• Fully Braced System (FBS)
– Shear Walls (SW)
– Diagonal Bracing (DB)
• Moment Resisting Frames (MRF)
– Special Moment-Resisting Frames (SMRF)
– Concrete Intermediate Moment-Resisting Frame (IMRF)
– Ordinary Moment-Resisting Frame (OMRF)
• Dual Systems (DS)
– Shear Walls + Frames (SWF)
– Ordinary Braced Frame (OBF)
– Special Braced Frame (SBF)
 Lecture - 1

Moment Resisting Frame

• The Load is transferred by shear in columns, that produces moment in
columns and in beams
• The Beam-Column connection is crucial for the system to work
• The moments and shear from later loads must be added to those from gravity
loads
Shear Wall and Frame
• The lateral loads is primarily resisted by the shear in the walls, in turn
producing bending moment
• The openings in wall become areas of high stress concentration and need to
be handled carefully
• Partial loads is resisted by the frames • Traditionally 75/25 distribution haws been
used
 Lecture - 1

Sample Lateral Load Resistance Systems

• Shear Wall - Frame
• The Walls are part of the frame and act together with the frame members
• The lateral loads is primarily resisted by the shear in the walls, in turn
producing bending moment.
• Partial loads is resisted by the frame members in moment and shear
Braced Frame
• The lateral loads is primarily resisted by the Axial Force in the braces, columns
and beams in the braced zone.
• The frame away from the braced zone does not have significant moments
• Bracing does not have to be provided in every bay, but should be provided in
every story
 Lecture - 1

Sample Lateral Load Resistance Systems

• Tubular Structure
• The system is formed by using closely spaced columns and deep spandrel beams
• The lateral loads is primarily resisted by the entire building acting as a big cantilever with
a
tubular/ box cross-section
• There is a “shear lag” problem between opposite faces of the tube due to in-efficiency of
column beam connection
• The height to width ratio should be more than 5
Braced Tube Systems
• Diagonal Braces are added to the basic tubular structure
• This modification of the Tubular System reduces shear lag between opposite faces
 Lecture - 1
Transfer of Lateral Loads
• The lateral loads are mostly applied or generated away from
the lateral load resisting systems
• They must be transferred to the LLRS through the “in-plane”
stiffness of the floor diaphragm
• The in-plane stiffness may be prided by:
– Concrete Floor Slab
– In-plane trusses
 Lecture - 1

Building Response
• Objective: To determine the load path gravity and lateral loads
• For Gravity Loads - How Gravity Loads are Distributed
– Analysis of Gravity Load Resisting System for:
• Dead Load, Live Live Load, Pattern Loads, temperature, shrinkage
– Important Elements: Floor slabs, beams, openings, Joists, etc.
• For Lateral Loads – How Lateral Loads are Distributed
– Analysis of Lateral Load Resisting System for:
• Wind Loads, Seismic Loads, Structural Un-symmetry
– Important elements: Columns, shear walls, bracing , beams
 Lecture - 1

Excitation Structure Response Basic Analysis Type

Static Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Static Analysis

Static Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Static Analysis
Static Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Static Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Static Analysis
Dynamic Elastic Linear Linear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Elastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Elastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Inelastic Linear Linear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Inelastic Nonlinear Nonlinear-Inelastic-Dynamic Analysis
 Lecture - 1

Some More Solution Types

• Non-linear Analysis
– P-Delta Analysis
– Buckling Analysis
– Static Pushover Analysis
– Fast Non-Linear Analysis (FNA)
– Large Displacement Analysis
• Dynamic Analysis
– Free Vibration and Modal Analysis
– Response Spectrum Analysis
– Steady State Dynamic Analysis
 Lecture - 1

Static Vs Dynamic
• Static Excitation
– When the Excitation (Load) does not vary rapidly with Time
– When the Load can be assumed to be applied “Slowly”
• Dynamic Excitation
– When the Excitation varies rapidly with Time
– When the “Inertial Force” becomes significant
• Most Real Excitation are Dynamic but are considered
“Quasi Static”
• Most Dynamic Excitation can be converted to
“Equivalent Static Loads”
 Lecture - 1

Elastic Vs Inelastic
• Elastic Material
– Follows the same path during loading and unloading and returns to
initial
state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of load/ excitation
• Inelastic Material
– Does not follow the same path during loading and unloading and may
not
returns to initial state of deformation, stress, strain etc. after removal of
load/ excitation
• Most materials exhibit both, elastic and inelastic behavior
depending upon level of loading.
 Lecture - 1

Linear Vs Nonlinear
• Linearity
– The response is directly proportional to excitation
– (Deflection doubles if load is doubled)
• Non-Linearity
– The response is not directly proportional to excitation
– (deflection may become 4 times if load is doubled)
• Non-linear response may be produced by:
– Geometric Effects (Geometric non-linearity)
– Material Effects (Material non-linearity)
– Both