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Ideal Operational Amplifier and Op-Amp Circuits

The document discusses ideal operational amplifiers (op-amps) and op-amp circuits. It describes the key characteristics of an ideal op-amp as having infinite open-loop gain and infinite input impedance. It then explains various op-amp circuit configurations including inverting amplifiers, non-inverting amplifiers, summing amplifiers, integrators, and differentiators. Formulas are provided for calculating the voltage gain for each configuration. Example circuits are shown and methods are described for calculating output voltages given input voltages or resistance values.

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Shubhankar Kundu
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112 views33 pages

Ideal Operational Amplifier and Op-Amp Circuits

The document discusses ideal operational amplifiers (op-amps) and op-amp circuits. It describes the key characteristics of an ideal op-amp as having infinite open-loop gain and infinite input impedance. It then explains various op-amp circuit configurations including inverting amplifiers, non-inverting amplifiers, summing amplifiers, integrators, and differentiators. Formulas are provided for calculating the voltage gain for each configuration. Example circuits are shown and methods are described for calculating output voltages given input voltages or resistance values.

Uploaded by

Shubhankar Kundu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER AND

OP-AMP CIRCUITS
Introduction
• Operational Amplifiers are represented
both schematically and realistically below:
– Active component!
inverting
output
non-inverting

Op-amp circuit symbol

• Open loop mode


• Vo = A ( v2 – v1)
– A is referred to as the
open loop gain.
– Notice that is v2 = v1, the
open loop gain equals to

Ideal Op Amp
• Common Mode Rejection ratio (CMRR):
CMRR is the ability of a differential amplifier to
reject the common mode signal successfully. It is
also called figure of merit.
∴ CMRR = ρ = |Ad/ Ac|
• Advantages of OP-AMP over conventional
amplifier:
1. It has smaller size.
2. Its reliability is higher than conventional
amplifier.
3. Reduced cost.
4. Less power consumption.
5. Easy to replace.
6. Same OP-AMP can be used for various
applications.
• Op amp can be configured to be used for
different type of circuit applications:
– Inverting Amplifier
– Non – inverting Amplifier
– Summing Amplifier
– Integrator
– Differentiator
• Two main characteristics:
• We want the open loop gain to be equal to  which means that v2 = v1

• We also want the input resistance to be equal to  , hence there is no


current going into the op-amp
Inverting Amplifier

Op-amp as an inverting amplifier

Voltage at node 1 (inverting) = voltage at node 2 (non-inverting )


KCL at node 1:
(Vi – 0) / R1 = (0 – Vo) / R2
Vi / R1 = - Vo / R2

Vo = - R2
Vi R1
Exercise 8.3

Gain = - (R2 / R1) = -(150/12) = -12.5


Can the voltage gain be calculated using the same formula?
Try and use the same method in deriving Vo/Vi
Non - Inverting Amplifier
Voltage at node 1 (inverting) = voltage at node 2 (non-inverting )
KCL at node 1:
(0– Vi) / R1 = (Vi – Vo) / R2

-(Vi / R1) = (Vi / R2) – (Vo / R2)

Vo / R2 = (Vi / R2) + (Vi / R1) = Vi 1R2 + 1R1

Noninverting amplifier
Vo / Vi = R2 1R2 + R
11
Voltage Follower / Buffer Amplifier

Vo = Vi
Hence, gain = 1
Summing Amplifier
Similarly,Amplifier
Summing

i 1 + i 2 + i 3 – i4 – 0 = 0

Output voltage

Example 8.2

Design a summing amplifier as shown in figure to produce a specific output signal, such
that vo = 1.25 – 2.5 cos t volt. Assume the input signals are vI1 = -1.0 V, vI2 = 0.5 cos t
volt. Assume the feedback resistance RF = 10 k
Solution: output voltage
Subtractor
Other Op-Amp Applications
Integrator

Integrator circuit
• Applications of an integrator:
1.In the triangular wave or ramp generator
2.In the analog to digital converter
3.In analog computers to solve differential
equations.
4.As a low pass filter.
Differentiator

Differentiator circuit
EXAMPLE 8.4
• Applications of differentiator:
1.In the P-I-D controller.
2.As a high pass filter
3.In the wave shaping circuits to generate
narrow pulses corresponding to any sharp
change in the input signal.
Calculating Gain and Design Questions

INVERTING NON - INVERTING

Calculating Output and Design Questions


SUMMING AMPLIFIER

INTEGRATOR AMPLIFIER
DIFFERENTIATOR AMPLIFIER
Va Vb

NON - INVERTING INVERTING INVERTING

Calculate the input voltage if the final output, VO is 10.08 V. 

Finally: Then: Have to work backwards:


Va = (1 + 10/5) V1 Vb = -(5/5) Va Vo = -(100/5) Vb
-0.504 = - Va 10.08 = -20 Vb
0.504 = 3V1
Va = 0.504 V Vb = -0.504 V
V1 = 0.168 V
What is the value of Vin1 from the figure above?

12 = - 24 [ Vin1 / 24 + (-2) / 24 + (-6) / 24 ]


12 = - [ Vin1 – 2 – 6 ]
12 = - Vin1 + 2 + 6
Vin1 = - 4 V
Va

INVERTING SUMMING

Calculate the output voltage, VO if V1 = V2 = 700 mV

Va = -(500/250) 0.7 Then:


Va = -1.4 V Vo = - 500 [ Va / 100 + V2 / 50 ]
Vo = - 500 [ -1.4 / 100 + 0.7 / 50 ]
Vo = 0 V
Calculate the output voltage VO of the operational amplifier
circuit as shown in the figure.

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