Operators and
Hierarchy
Types of
Operators
Increment/
Arithmetic Logical Bitwise
Decrement
Relational Assignment Conditional Special
Precedence of
Operators
• There are 2 different priorities of arithmetic expression
• High Priority: * / %
• Low Priority: + -
• The equation is evaluated in two passes
• First pass: High priority operators
• Second pass: Low priority operators
Expression: x=9-12/3+3*2-
• 1st Pass 1
x=9-4+3*2-1
x=9-4+6-1
• 2nd Pass
x=5+6-1
x=11-1
x=10
Rules for Evaluation of
Expression
• Parenthesized sub expression from left to right are evaluated
• If parenthesis are nested evaluation begins with innermost braces
• If operators of same precedence are encounter then associativity is
used
• Arithmetic expression are evaluated from left to right
Operator Description Precedence Associativity
() Parentheses (function call) (see Note 1) left-to-right
[] Brackets (array subscript)
. Member selection via object name 1
-> Member selection via pointer
++ -- Postfix increment/decrement (see
Note 2)
++ -- Prefix increment/decrement right-to-left
+ - Unary plus/minus
!~ Logical negation/bitwise complement
(type) Cast (change type)
* Dereferenc 2
& e Address
sizeof Determine
size in bytes
*/ % Multiplication/division/modulus 3 left-to-right
+ - Addition/subtraction 4 left-to-right
<< >> Bitwise shift left, Bitwise shift right 5 left-to-right
< <= Relational less than/less than or equal to left-to-right
> >= Relational greater than/greater than or equal to 6
== != Relational is equal to/is not equal to 7 left-to-right
& Bitwise AND 8 left-to-right
^ Bitwise exclusive OR 9 left-to-right
| Bitwise inclusive OR 10 left-to-right
&& Logical AND 11 left-to-right
|| Logical OR 12 left-to-right
?: Ternary conditional 13 right-to-left
= Assignment right-to-left
+= -= Addition/subtraction assignment
*= /= Multiplication/division assignment
%= &= Modulus/bitwise AND assignment 14
^= |= Bitwise exclusive/inclusive OR assignment
<<= >>= Bitwise shift left/right assignment
, Comma (separate expressions) 15 left-to-right
Type
Conversions
Implicit Explicit
In
Automatic Assignments
The data type of one operand is converted into data type of another operand
Implicit Type
Conversion
• Implicit type conversion, also known as coercion
• An automatic type conversion by the compiler
• If operands are of different types than lower type is automatically
converted to higher type
Automatic
long double
double
float
int
char, short int
In
Assignment
• Type of right hand side is converted to type of left hand side
• If right hand operand is lower rank than it will be promoted
• float = int
• int = char
• If right hand operand is higher rank than it will be demoted
• char=int
• int=float
Explicit/Type
Casting
• Is done with the help of cast operator
• Cast operator is a unary operator that is used for converting an
expression to a particular data type
• Syntax:
• (datatype) expression
• Ex:
int x,y;
float x=(float)x/y;
Input/Output
Types of
Operations
Input Output
The set of library functions that perform input-output operation is known as
standard input/output library (stdio.h)
Reading a
Character
• getchar();
• Accepts any character keyed in including
• return (enter)
• tab space
• Ex:
char variable_name;
variable_name=getchar();
Writing a
Character
• putchar(variable_name);
• Displays char represented by var_name on the terminal
• Ex:
char c=getchar();
putchar(c);
Conversion
Specifications
Specifier meaning
%c a single character
%d or %i decimal integer
%f or %e or %g floating point number
%lf long range floating point (double)
%Lf long double
%h short int
%s string
%u unsigned decimal integer
%o octal integer
%x hexadecimal
%[…] Read a string of words
Formatted
Input
• C provides scanf() function for entering input data
• Syntax
• scanf(“control string”, address1, address2….);
• Control string specifies the format in which data has to
be entered
• address1, address2 specifies the address of locations
where
data is to be stored
Examples Integer
Numbers
• Format: %wd
• w is the field width
• Ex 1
int marks;
scanf(“%d”,&marks)
;
• Ex 2
char str[30];
scanf(“%s”,str); Value will not be stored in str
• Ex 3
int basic,da; scanf(“%d
%d”,&basic,&da);
• Ex 4
int hra,da;
scanf(“%d:%d”,&hra,&da);
1500:200
• Ex 5
int num1,num2;
scanf(“%2d %5d”,&num1,num2);
21345 50
• 21 will be assigned to num1 and 345 will be assigned to
num2 and 50 that is unread will be assigned to next scanf
call
• Ex 6
int a,b;
scanf(“%d %*d %d”, &a,&b);
• 123 to a
• 456 skipped (because of 123 456 789
*)
• 789 to b
Examples Real
Numbers
• Ex 1
float x;
scanf(“%f”,&x);
• Assigns: 4.321 to x 43.21e-1
• Ex 2
double y;
scanf(“%lf”,&y);
Examples char and
• Ex 1
string
char name1[15];
scanf(“%15c”,&name1);
• Ex 2
char name2[20];
scanf(“%s”,&name2);
• Ex 3
char add[20];
scanf(“%[a-z]”,&add);
• Ex 4
char add[20];
scanf(“%[^\n]”,&add);
Rules for
scanf
• Each variable must have a field specification
• For each field specification there must be variable address
• The scanf reads until
• A white space is found in numeric specification
• the maximum number of characters have been read
• An error is detected
• The end of file is reached
Formatted
Output
• printf() is used for printing results
• printf(“control string”, arg1,arg2…..);
• Control String specifies
• characters that will be printed on screen
• Format Specifications
• Escape sequence characters
Example
s
• printf(“Programming in C”);
• printf(“\n”);
• printf(“%d”,x);
• printf(“x=%d\n”,x);
• printf(“The value of a is %d”,a);
• printf does not supply new line automatically. Thus ‘\n’ is used
Integer
Examples
• printf(“%d”,9678);
9 6 7 8
• printf(“%6d”,9678); 9 6 7 8
• printf(“%2d”,9678); 9 6 7 8
• printf(“%-6d”,9678); 9 6 7 8
0 0 9 6 7 8
• printf(“%06d”,9678);
Real
Examples
• Syntax: %w.pf
• w indicates the number of digits used for display
• p indicates the number of digits to be displayed after decimal
• Let y=98.7654;
• printf(“%7.4f”,y);
• printf(“%7.2f”,y); 9 8 . 7 6 5 4
• printf(“-7.2f”,y); 9 8 . 7 7
9 8 . 7 7
String
Examples
• Syntax: %w.ps
• w specifies width of field
• p specifies only first p characters of string are displayed
• Ex:
• char a[20]=“Hello World”;
• printf(“%s”,a);
H e l l o W o r l d
Assignmen
t
• WAP to print exponential value of 10.45678?
• WAP to print multiplication table of a number taken from
user (Don’t use loop)?
• If 5 digit number is input through keyboard WAP to
reverse the number?
• WAP to read the values of x and y and print the
expressions
• x+y/x-y
• x+y/2
• (x+y)(x-y)
• WAP to take number as input and display in triangular format. For ex
if number is 5678 then
5678
678
78
8
• WAP to print size of various data types in C
• WAP to find that given an integer is odd or even
• WAP to accept three numbers and print the largest
number without using if condition.
