Physical Science
Summer Enhancement class 2019
“Big Ideas” in
Physical Science –
Overview
Properties of Matter
Changes in Matter
Forms of Energy
Energy Transfers
Force and Motion
Properties of Matter
All objects and substances in the world are made of
matter. Matter has two fundamental properties: matter
takes up space and matter has mass.
Objects and substances can be classified by their physical
and chemical properties.
Mass is the amount of matter (or "stuff") in an object.
Weight, on the other hand, is the measure of force of
attraction (gravitational force) between an object and
Earth.
Changes in Matter
Matter can undergo a variety of
changes.
Matter can be changed physically or
chemically.
Forms of Energy
A. Energy is involved in all physical
processes and is a unifying concept in
many areas of science.
B. Energy exists in many forms and has
the ability to do work or cause a
change.
Energy Transfer and
Transformations
A. Waves involve a transfer of energy
without a transfer of matter.
B. Water and sound waves transfer
energy through a material.
C. Light waves can travel through a
vacuum and through matter.
Motion of Objects
A. Motion is a key characteristic of all
matter that can be observed, described,
and measured.
B. The motion of objects can be
changed by forces.
Forces and Changes in
Motion
A. It takes energy to change the motion
of objects.
B. Energy change is understood in
terms of forces--pushes or pulls.
Some forces act through physical
contact, while others act at a distance.
Investigations vs.
Experiments
An investigation is a procedure that is
carried out to gather data about an
object or event.
An experiment is a procedure you carry
out under controlled conditions to test a
hypothesis.
Scientific Experiment
Matter
Matter - takes up space and has mass
Measurement of matter
States of Matter
Changes in Matter
Measuring Matter
Mass - the amount of matter in an
object (balance)
Volume - amount of space an object
takes up
Density - measure of mass per unit of
volume (M/V)
Changes in Matter
Physical Changes - usually a change of
shape, size, or state. No new matter, no
new properties.
Chemical Changes - New properties,
often a change in color or temperature.
Often produces a new gas or solid.
Session 3 - Energy
Energy - The ability to cause a change
Forms of Energy
Transformation and Changes
Energy, Force, and Motion
Forms of Energy
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy -
Stored Energy
Chemical Energy
Elastic Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
Chemical Energy
The nutrients in the banana are
chemicals which are stored
In the food.
The chemicals in the battery that powers
the clock are an example of stored energy
Elastic Potential Energy
The arrow has potential energy
due to the elastic nature of the bow.
Gravitational Potential
Energy
The coaster car has potential
energy due to its height above the ground.
Kinetic Energy - The
Energy of Motion
Electrical Energy
Light Energy
Heat Energy
Sound Energy
Motion Energy
Transfer of Energy
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
Energy can change from one form to
another.
The source of all energy on earth is the
sun.
Examples of Energy
Transfers
Electrical to sound and light
Electrical to heat
Elecrical to mechanical
Solar to electrical
Session 4 – Forces and
Motion
• Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
• Newton’s Laws of Motion
Forces
Force - a push or a pull
Balanced vs. Unbalanced forces
Ever present forces - gravity, friction,
magnetism
Applied forces
Balanced Forces - The forces are equal and
opposite in direction. There is no motion.
Unbalanced Forces - Causes Motion
Motion - The result of
Unbalanced Forces
Newton’s 1st Law - Law of Inertia
Newton’s 2nd Law - Law of
Momentum
Newton’s 3rd Law - Law of Action /
Reaction
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
An object with more mass will require more
force to begin its motion and/or to stop the
motion.
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
