C++ slides - I
Objects and Classes: Structure in C and C++, Class specification, Objects,
Data hiding, Encapsulation and abstraction, namespaces, Array of
objects, Passing objects as arguments, Returning object from a function,
inline functions, Static data member and member function, ‘const’
member function.
Basic program
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
cout<<"Hello world"<<endl;
}
cin & cout
• cout works similar to printf
• cin works similar to scanf
Example
cout<<“Hello and welcome”;
cin>>variable; //variable could be int, float, char array (without space)
cout basics
• ‘\n’ is for new line, or you can use endl
cout << endl << “message”;
• ‘\t’ is for tab
• ‘\a’ is an alarm sound
• ‘\r’ is carriage return to go to the beginning of the current
line
Input char array with blanks
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
char str[20];
cin.getline(str,sizeof(str));
cout<<str<<endl;
}
Header files and namespace
Header file and more
• #include <iostream> // input-output stream for cin/cout
• using namespace std;
• Namespaces allow us to differentiate same named entities
in various libraries. It is just a region of the code or library
and not a function.
• std stands for standard I/O on the console screen.
Need of namespace
#include <iostream>
int main() {
int value;
value = 0;
double value; // Error here due to reuse of value
value = 0.0;
}
Example – namespace defines the scope
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
namespace ns1 { int value() {return 5;}}
namespace ns2 { int value() {return -5;}}
int main() {
cout << ns1::value() << '\n'; //5 will be displayed
cout << ns2::value() << '\n'; // -5 will be displayed
}
What will be the output?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
namespace ns1 { int value() {return 5;}}
namespace ns2 { int x=10; int value() {return 4;}}
int main() {
cout << ns1::value() << endl;
cout << ns2::value() << endl;
cout<< ns2::x<<endl;
}
Without namespace could cause :: pollution
#include<iostream>
int main(){
std::cout << “Hello there” << endl;
return 0;
}
using namespace std;
• Thus using namespace std; means cin/cout will be performed
through standard console screen.
Header file and namespace
• #include<iostream> includes all necessary files required of
CIN and COUT opertions.
• using namespace std; allows us to reduce :: pollution for
simpler programs
Classes in C++
• Class: A class in C++ is the building block of object oriented
programming
• It is User Defined Datatype (UDT) which has data & functions
• Object is an instance of a Class i.e. variable of UDT.
Structure in C++
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Person{int age;};
int main(){
Person p1; // No need to write struct Person p1 in C++.
cout << "Enter age: ";cin >> p1.age;
cout <<"Age: " << p1.age << endl;
return 0;
}
Structures in C++ vs in C
1. Functions can be defined inside structure in C++
2. Using struct keyword not required in C++
3. C++ structures can have static members
4. C++ allows data hiding by using access modifiers
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Person{
int age;
int setAge(int a){age = a;}
int display() {cout <<"Age: " << age << endl;}
};
int main(){
Person p1;
p1.setAge(20); p1.display();
return 0;
}
Need more knowledge for 3 & 4
1. Functions can be defined inside structure in C++
2. Using struct keyword not required in C++
3. C++ structures can have static members
4. C++ allows data hiding by using access modifiers
• Classes in C++ are similar to struct for syntax
• struct – everything is public by default
• class – everything is private by default.
What is the output of the following program?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person{
int age;
int setAge(int a){age = a;}
int display() {cout <<"Age: " << age << endl;}
};
int main(){
Person p1;
p1.setAge(20); p1.display();
return 0;
}
Answer - Output – Compilation Error
[Error] 'int Person::setAge(int)' is private
Now we use public: specifier for data and
functions in class
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person{
public: // Everything after public: becomes public
int age;
int setAge(int a){age = a;}
int display() {cout <<"Age: " << age << endl;}
};
int main(){
Person p1; p1.setAge(20);
p1.display(); return 0;
} // everything public in class means it becomes a struct
Output = Age: 20
Each object has its own variables/functions
Access specifiers in C++
• Public
• Private
• Protected (for later until we cover inheritance)
Data private and functions public.
What will be the output of following program?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person{
int age;
public: // Everything before public: is private
int setAge(int a){age = a;}
int display() {cout <<"Age: " << age << endl;}
};
int main(){
Person p1; p1.setAge(20);
p1.display(); return 0;
}
C++ versus C language
Sr. C language C++
1 Functions are basic elements Classes are basic elements
2 Focus on global functions Focus on encapsulation
(data+functions)
3 Functions share global data Data and function access is
controlled
4 Data moves openly Data is bounded with classes
5 Top down approach (break Bottom up (clubbing of data and
down into functions) functions together)
Encapsulation
Abstraction
Inheritance
Polymorphism – late binding flexibility
:: for global variable
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int x=100;
int main(){
int x=-100;
cout<<"x = "<<x<<endl;
cout<<"x = "<<::x<<endl;
return 0;
}
:: for function def
class A{
public: void fun(); //only declaration
};
void A::fun(){ //function definition
cout<<"in fun()"<<endl;
}
int main(){
A a; a.fun();
}
Constructor Destructor - basics
• Same name as the class
• Constructors don’t have return type
• A constructor is automatically called when an object is created
• If no constructor is defined then compiler uses empty constructor
Basic constructor and destructor
class Test {
public:
Test() {cout<<“in constructor”<<endl;}
~Test() { cout << “In destructor” << endl; }
};
int main() {
Test c; cout <<“In main”<<endl;;
}
Static variable in Class
class X{
static int i;
public:void show(){cout<<"i ="<<i<<endl;}
};
int X::i=1;
int main(){
X obj; obj.show();
}
Static function in Class
class X {
public:
static void f(){cout<<"In static f()"<<endl;}
};
int main(){
X::f(); // direct call without an object
}
Array of objects
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class A{
int a; char c;
};
int main(){
A a[3]; // each of a[i] will have an int and a char
}
Passing and returning an object
class A{
int i;
public: A(){i=10;}
void show(){cout<<"i = "<<i<<endl;}
A makedouble(A obj){A temp; temp.i = 2*obj.i; return temp;}
};
int main(){
A a1,a2; a1.show(); a2 = a1.makedouble(a1); a2.show();
}
Inline functions
inline int cube(int s){ return s*s*s; }
int main() {
cout << "The cube of 3 is: " << cube(3) << endl;
}
Inline function properties
• Reduces function-call overhead
• Asks the compiler to copy code into program instead of using
function call
• Compiler can ignore inline
• Should be used for small, often used functions
‘const’ member function
int main(){
const int i = 10;
const int j = i + 10; // works fine
i++; // this leads to Compile time error
}
Const class variable
class Test{
const int i;
public:
Test(int x):i(x) {} //initialized using constructor
void show(){cout<<"i="<<i<<endl;}
};
int main(){Test t(190);t.show(); }
Const class function
class A{
public: int x;
void func() const{
x = 0; // compilation error
}
};
int main(){}
