Prasoon

ACDE(ENGG-S/S)

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 Placement of switchyard
 Control Room placement
 Fire fighting pump house placement
 DG set placement
 LT station placement
 Identification of roads & rail tracks
 Identification of boundary wall and fencing
 Identification of approach roads
 Space for colony and other infrastructures

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 Bus Switching Scheme
 Normal rating with temperature rise, Short time
current rating
 Rating & insulation levels of the equipments
 Bay numbering

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 Power Transformers
 Vital & Costliest
equipment, 3 ph or 1 ph
based on transport
limitations
 Two winding or Auto
transformer– based on
voltage ratio
 On load type/ off load
type tapchanger

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 Reactive Compensation-line or bus
connected
 Control of dynamic overvoltages
 Neutral grounding reactor for single phase
auto reclosing
 3 ph or 1 ph based on transport limitations

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 Series capacitors are
connected in series with the
line conductors to
compensate for the inductive
reactance of the line
 Increases line loadability and
reduces the effective
reactive power losses
 Thyristor controlled series
compensation (TCSC)- to
control inter-area
oscillations

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 VAR generation or absorption
based on system requirement

 Comprises of reactors and / or

capacitor banks which can be
switched in / out in full or part at
high speed giving smooth variation

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 Circuit Breaker`
 On-load mechanical switches
used for making, carrying and
breaking currents under normal
conditions and breaking under
abnormal conditions.
 Air Break CB, Oil CB, Minimum
oil CB, Air Blast CB, SF6 CB,
Vacuum CB
 Operating Mechanism –
Hydraulic, Pneumatic & Spring -
Spring

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 Isolators
 Isolator provides a visible air gap
isolation of equipment and feeder
sections for safe examination,
maintenance and repair. It is capable of
carrying normal current and short circuit
current for a specified time.
 Horizontal centre break
 Double Break
 Pantograph
 Vertical single break
 The earth switch of isolator is a mechanical
switching device for providing safety
earthing during maintenance. It is capable
of withstanding short circuit current for a
specified time.

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Instrument Transformers
(Current Transformer)
 These are the devices used to get
the replica of primary current
which shall be suitable for
measuring instruments and
protective relays.
 No. of cores as per requirement

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 Instrument Transformers (Potential
Transformer/ Capacitor Voltage
transformer)
 Devices used to get the replica of primary
voltage which shall be suitable for
measuring instruments and protective
relays.
 No. of cores as per requirement
 CVTs used generally above 220kV for
economic reasons - also obviates need for
separate coupling capacitor for PLCC

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 Surge Arrester

 Surge arresters made of ZnO disc

provide the primary protection
against over voltage caused by
external sources e.g. lightning and by
system disturbances (switching)
 Designed w.r.t MCOV, Energy,
capability, Pressure relief capability

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Control & Relay Panels
 Transformer Protection:
- Differential Protection
- B/U over current & Earth Fault Protection
- REF Protection
- Over Flux Protection
 Shunt Reactor Protection:
- Differential Protection
- B/U over current & Earth Fault Protection
- REF Protection
- Over Flux Protection

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Control & Relay Panels
 Transmission Line Protection:
For 220 kV & above
- Two Main Protections (Distance/ Current differential/
Phase comparison)
- B/U Earth fault Protection
For 132 kV & below
- One main protection
- B/U O/C & E/F Protection
 Bus Bar Protection
 Local Breaker Back up Protection
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 State of the art technology for
operating a substation from Local
Control Centre (LCC) as well as
Remote Control Centre (RCC)
 Bay oriented intelligence
technology
 Microprocessor based compatible
numerical relays
 A group of automated substations
can be operated from a centralised
RCC

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POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION
 Wave Trap
Wave Traps provide low impedance path for
power frequency wave form (50 Hz) and high
impedance path for carrier frequency wave form
(30-500 kHz)
 Application of PLCC
- Protection
- Data
- Speech
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 Gas Insulated Substation (GIS)
GIS in POWERGRID
 POWERGRID is constructing 132kV, 220 kV, 400 kV
& 800kV GIS substation
Technical Advantage of GIS
 All equipment are compact in size and enclosed in
SF6 gas with metallic enclosure
 Area requirement of GIS is approx. 20% of
conventional AIS
 Lesser structures & foundation works; Hence less
execution time
 Costlier than AIS

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LAYOUT (PLAN & SECTION) OF SWITCHYARD
PLANNING ASPECT:
 Switching scheme to be adopted.
 Details of feeders requirements.
 Future/anticipated expansion of the substation .
 Available size of plot .

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 Standard factors
 Electrical clearances
 Heights of different levels & electric field
 Variable factors
 Shape of land & feeder orientation
 Bus bar arrangement
 Type of isolator used
 Type of structures used
 Arrangement of lightning protection
 Location of control room building, FFPH
 Roads and rail tracks

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 Selection of conductor for main bus (es), Transfer bus,
Jack bus, equipment interconnection
AAC conductor
ACSR conductor
AAAC conductor
Aluminium pipe
 Space for a bay (baywidth)
Phase to phase clearance
Phase to earth clearnace
Section Clearance
….under worst condition

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Voltage Level Ph-Ph Ph-E Sectional
(Rated) (mm) (mm) Clearance
(mm)
1200 kV 10300 6300 10500

765 kV 7600 4900 10500

400 kV 4000 3500 6500

220 kV 2100 2100 5000

132 kV 1300 1300 4000
110 kV 1100 1100 3800

66 kV 630 630 3500

33 kV 320 320 2800

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 Sag tension calculation & Sag tension Chart w.r.t initial static
tension, maximum temperature rise etc.
 Short circuit force calculation and determination of spacer span
as per IEC:865
 Direct Stroke Lightning Protection (DSLP) calculation
By Lightning Masts
By Overhead earthwires
 Design of earthing system
Touch & step potential control
Grid resistance as low as possible
Location of fencing

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Voltage Bay First Second Third BIL SIL
Level width Level Level level
1200 kV 90m 18m 35m 50m 2400 1800

765 kV 54m 14m 27m 39m 2100 1550

400 kV 24m 8m 15m 22m 1550 1050

220 kV 16m 5.9m 11.7m 16.2m 1050 650

132 kV 12m 4.6m 7.5m 10.8m 650 NA

66 kV 7.6m 4m 6m 9.5m 325 NA
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To understand Single Line diagram & Layout plan
drawing…

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To understand Layout Section drawing…

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 400 kV 220 kV 132 kV 66 kV
CB&ISO 10.5 m 6.5 m 3.75m 3m
ISO&CT 7m 4m 2.5 m 2m
CB&CT 7m 3m+road+5 2.5 m 2m
m
Gantry Tower &ISO 6m 3.5 m 1.8 m 1.8 m
SA & CVT 6m 3.5 m 2.5 m 2m
LA & SR 7m - - -
Road & SR 15 m - - -
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 Bus Post Insulator
 Disc Insulator
 String insulator and fitting
 Terminal Connector
 Conductors

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 Placement of
 Main Switch Board
 AC Distribution Board
 DC Distribution Board
 Batteries (220V/110V, 48V)
 Battery Chargers
 Lighting Transformers
 Lighting Distribution Boards
 Control, Relay & Protection Panels
 PLCC Panels
 Rooms of Station-in Charge & staff
 Miscellaneous

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 Placement of
 AC driven main pump
 DG driven stand-by pump
 Jockey Pump
 Air Vessels
 AC Distribution Board cum pump control panels
 Fire Water Tank

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 Placement of
 LT Station
 Diesel Generator Set with AMF Panel
 Security hut
 Office Buildings
 Other residential buildings

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