Metrology and Computer

Aided Inspection (MEng

6223)

Lecture on
Introduction

© 2020 Dr.
1
Mesay A.
 MEng 6223
Metrology and Computer Aided Inspection

• Syllabus/course content:
• Introduction to Metrology

• Fundamentals of dimensional Measurement

• Length Standards

• Fits and tolerances

• Application of light Interference for precision measurements

• Concepts and practice of gauging

• Comparators and their applications

• Linear and angular measurements

• Thread and gear inspection

• Form, flatness, straightness and alignment measurements

• Surface metrology

• Co-ordinate metrology

• Laser applications in metrology;

• Vision inspection/ Aid Computer Inspection

• Micro and nano metrology.

 MEng 6223
Metrology and Computer Aided Inspection

 Text Books:
 Reference Books

 Shotbolt, C.S. and Galyer. J., Metrology for Engineers,

5th ed., Cassell Publ. (1990).
 Anand K Bevoor, Vinay A Kulkarni, Metrology and
Measurement, Tata Mc Graw-Hill.
 Jain R.K., Engineering metrology, Khanna Publications
 Busch., Fundamentals of Dimensional Metrology,
Delmar Publishers (1998)
 Learning Objectives of Metrology
 To understand the role of metrology in manufacturing and
its value addition

 To learn about measurement concepts and sources of error

in measurement

 To learn methods of measurement and evaluation for

dimensions, form and finish of manufactured components

 To learn and appreciate the usefulness of Manufacturing

metrology
Introduction
 What is Metrology?
 Why Precision Length Measurements?
 Need for reliable Standards.
 Standard of Length.
 Shop floor standards.
 Traceability.
 What is Metrology ?

Metro - logy
from Greek 'metron' [measure], and –logy 
Meaning Measurement Science
Thus, deals with atmosphere and weather condition,

deal with science of weight and measure

In English, the term Metrology is often used for Measurements 

Engineering Metrology
Industrial Metrology
Dimensional Metrology
  Manufacturing Metrology
 What is Metrology?

Metrology is the science of measurement

The Science Behind Quality Control IN A Manufacturing Shop Floor

Metrology is the science of measurement, embracing both experimental

and theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty in any field of
science and technology.

And also ”International Bureau of Weights and measurements (BIPM)”

 Why do you need Metrology ?

The purpose of engineering design is to convey information in a way that makes it

as easy as possible for the manufacturing team to create the desired parts and
assemblies.
 The design intent,
 the people and processes involved in manufacturing,
 The inspection and verification process

Benefits
Quality - Good engineering drawings result in parts that match the design intent.

Budget - Getting a drawing right the first time saves money.

Time - When dimensions and tolerances are stated clearly and thoroughly,
manufacturers do not need to take the time to ask questions or get clarification.

Customer satisfaction - Producing the correct results in a timely manner keeps

customers happy.
Why you need Metrology ?

 It is the technology behind the quality assurance processes in

manufacturing

 Verifying and validating the design specifications

National and international trade increasingly require demonstrated conformity to

written standards and specifications with mutual recognition of measurements
and tests, i.e. worldwide traceability of measurement results to the SI

 Assessing the capability of machine tool and controlling the

manufacturing process

Economic success of most manufacturing industries is critically dependent on how

well products are made, a requirement in which measurement plays a key role.
An individuals life journey begins with measurement and
end with measurement
Areas of Application
of
Metrology
 Measurement
 Measurement encompasses different fields
such as communications, energy, medical
sciences, food sciences, environment, trade,
transportation, and military applications
 Measurement is an act of assigning an
accurate and precise value to a physical
variable
 The physical variable then gets transformed
into a measured variable
 Meaningful measurements require common
measurement standards and must be
performed using them
 Measurements provide a basis for
judgements about process information,
quality assurance, and process control
Manufacturing Industry
• Dimensional inspection

• Quality control
 Space Stations, Satellites

• Metrology laboratories test standards for many

companies that provide parts of the space

shuttle

• These parts include the metal, heat shield,

electronics, fabrics, o-rings, optics, and tires

Defence Industry

• Metrology laboratories test standards for

many military and defense companies

• These companies make the guidance

systems for the Patriot missiles and

other things that are top secret

Pharmaceutical Industry
• Metrology laboratories test weights and

volume standards for pharmaceutical

companies

• Products include medicines like aspirin,

antibiotics, vaccines, insulin, & vitamins

Types of Metrology

 Scientific Metrology

 Industrial Metrology

 Legal Metrology
Scientific Metrology

• Organization and
development of
measurement
standards and their
maintenance
(highest level)

NIST Atomic Clock

Accurate to 1 s in 20 million years
 STANDARDS of
MEASUREMENTS
 In A.D. 1120 the king of England decreed that the
standard of length in his country would be named
the yard and would be precisely equal to the
distance from the tip of his nose to the end of his
outstretched arm.
The yardstick
 Similarly, the original standard for the foot adopted (Henry I,
by the French was the length of the royal foot of thumb to nose)
King Louis XIV.
 This standard prevailed until 1799, when the legal
standard of length in France became the meter,
defined as one ten-millionth the distance from the
equator to the North Pole along one particular
longitudinal line that passes through Paris.
Industrial Metrology
• Adequate functioning of measurement
instruments used in industry as well as
production and testing processes
 Legal Metrology
• Legal Metrology applies to any application of metrology that is subjected to
national laws or regulations.

• There will be mandatory and legal bindings on the units and methods of
measurements and measuring instruments.

• The scope of legal metrology may vary considerably from one country to another.
The main objective is to maintain uniformity of measurement in a particular
country.

• Legal metrology ensures the conservation of national standards and guarantees

their accuracy in comparison with the international standards, thereby imparting
proper accuracy to the secondary standards of the country.
Applications of Legal Metrology
 Applications of legal metrology are industrial
measurement, commercial transactions and public
health and human safety aspects.
Role of Metrology in Manufacturing
Important Terms in Measurement
 Precision
 It is the degree of agreement of the
repeated measurements of a quantity
made by using the same method, under
similar conditions.

 Precision is the repeatability of the

measuring process.
 The ability of the measuring instrument to
repeat the same results during the act of
measurements for the same quantity is
known as repeatability.
 Repeatability is random in nature and, by
itself, does not assure accuracy, though it
is a desirable characteristic.
 Accuracy
 Accuracy is the degree of agreement of
the measured dimension with its true
magnitude

 Accuracy can also be defined as the

maximum amount by which the result
differs from true value or as the nearness
of the measured values to its true value
often expressed as a percentage
 True value may be defined as the mean of
the infinite number of measured values
when the average deviation due to the
various contributing factors tends to zero
Accuracy and Precision
 Inspection
 Inspection is defined as a procedure
in which a part or product
characteristic, such as a dimension,
is examined to determine whether it
conforms to the design
specification.

 In inspection, the part either passes

or fails. Thus, industrial inspection
has become a very important aspect
of quality control.
Resolution
 It is the minimum value that can be measured
when the instrument is gradually increased
from non-zero value
Factors Effecting Part Accuracy

Machine & Control Environmental

Workpiece
system design Effects

Machine work
Tool Operating
zone Accuracy
methods

Part Accuracy
Measuring Instrument Types

Angle measuring Instruments: e.g. Angle gauges;

Divided scales; Sine bar with slip gauges; Autocollimator;
and Tool Maker Microscope.

Length measuring Instruments: ex: Steel rule; Caliper;

Micrometer; and comparators.

Instruments for surface finish: surface roughness

measurements.

Instruments for deviations: Coordinate Measuring

Machine (CMM).
 Assignment one, 5%
32

 What is Abbe principle from instrumentation

concept?
 What is role of Abbe principle in recent
technology?
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpIEeBtJupY
&list=PLbMVogVj5nJSZiwuh_tp50dKry8mCxzK
A

© 2020 Dr. Mesay A.