Lecture 3
OPERATORS &CONTROL STRUCTURE
Sarwar Morshed
American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)
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THE % FORMAT SPECIFIERS
The % Specifiers that you can use in ANSI C are:
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Relational and Equality operators
In actuality, expressions like “5 > 3” are evaluated to
integer values: 1 for true, 0 for false. Thus the program
void main() {
printf( "Result of 1 > 2: %d\n", 1 > 2 );
printf( "Result of 6 < 8: %d\n", 6 < 8 );
}
Has Output?
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Relational Opeators
Relational operators: >, >=, <, <=
Equality operators: ==, !=
IMPORTANT ‘==’ (two equals) versus ‘=’ (one equal) is
an extremely common source of programmer errors in
C.
One equal, =, is an assignment operator.
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Relational or conditional operators:
== means 'is equal to'
!= means 'is not equal to'
< means 'is less than'
> means 'is greater than'
<= means 'is less than or equal to'
>= means 'is greater than or equal to‘
Logical Operators:
&& means 'AND'
|| means 'OR'
! means 'NOT‘
Note: Result of the condition is always wither true(1) or
false(0)
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Logical Operators
&&, || (logical AND, logical OR) are binary operators:
Takes two arguments.
expression1 && expression2 evaluates to 1 (“true”) if both
expressions are non-zero, otherwise evaluates to 0 (“false”).
expression1 || expression2 evaluates to 1 (“true”) if either or
both expressions are non-zero, otherwise evaluates to 0
(“false”).
!expression evaluates to 1 (“true”) if the expression is zero,
otherwise evaluates to 0 (“false”).
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Of course, instead of using only numeric constants, we
can use any valid expression, including variables.
Suppose that a=2, b=3 and c=6,
(a == 5) // evaluates to false since a is not equal to 5.
(a*b >= c) // evaluates to true since (2*3 >= 6) is true.
(b+4 > a*c) // evaluates to false since (3+4 > 2*6) is
false.
((b=2) == a) // evaluates to true.
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The If Statement
if (condition)
{
statement;
}
Multiple statement within If
if (condition)
{
statement 1;
statement 2;
-----------;
statement n;
}
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The if else statement
if (condition)
{
statement 1;
statement 2;
}
else
{
statement 1;
statement 2;
}
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The if-else if-else statement
if (condition)
{
statement . . . ;
}
else if (condition)
{
statement . . .;
}
else
{
statement . . .;
}
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Example
Example.
if ( ( year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0 )
||( year % 400 == 0) )
{
printf( "%d is a leap year\n", year );
}
else
{
printf( "%d is not a leap year\n", year );
}
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Example
void main() {
int num;
printf( "Please enter a positive integer:\n" );
scanf( "%d", &num );
if (num % 3 == 0)
printf( "%d is divisible by 3.\n", num );
else if (num % 2 == 0)
printf( "%d is divisible by 2, but not 3.\n", num );
else
printf( "%d is not divisible by 3 nor 2.\n",num );
}
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More on ‘if’
if executes the statement (or statement block) after it
when the specified condition is non-zero.
Thus, the following fragment prints ????
if( 18 )
printf( "Hi!\n" );
if( 0 )
printf( "Bye.\n" );
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Exercise
What does the following fragment do?
int a;
printf( "Enter a number:" );
scanf( "%d", &a );
if( a = 3 )
printf( "You typed 3.\n" );
What does the following fragment do?
int a=4;
if( a == 3 );
printf( “a is 3.\n" );
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Conditional Expressions
Consider the following code:
if (a < 13)
b = 3;
else
b = 18;
C has a construct that lets you encapsulate the
choice as part of the expression assigned to the
variable b. The following code is equivalent:
b = (a < 13) ? 3 : 18;
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Conditional Expressions
Examples:-
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switch statement
Similar to a chain of if/else statements, but more
restricted in terms of functionality.
Useful when one wants to branch based on the value
of an expression.
The objective of switch statement is to check several
possible constant values for an expression. Its
form/syntax is the following:
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THE SELECTIVE STRUCTURE:
switch
switch( expression )
{
case constant1:
statement1;
[break;]
case constant2:
statement2;
[break;]
...
default:
statement;
[break;]
}
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Flow Chart of Switch-Case
Statement
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Switch Expression
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The fall-through property
Missing break
switch( num )
{
case 1:
printf( "Behind Door 1 is nothing.\n" );
case 2:
printf( "Behind Door 2 is a goat.\n" );
break;
case 3:
printf( "Behind Door 3 is a pot of gold.\n" );
break;
}
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switch example
switch( month ) {
case 1: case 3: case 5: case 7:case 8: case 10: case 12:
printf( "31 days.\n" );
break;
case 2:
printf( "28 or 29 days.\n" );
break;
default:
printf( "30 days.\n" );
}
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