BEAM

HORIZONTAL STRUCTRAL MEMBER

PREPARED BY: TEMOOR ABBAS

APPLIED AND REACTIVE FORCES

 Forces that act on a Body can be divided into two Primary

types: applied and reactive.

 Applied forces are forces that act directly on a structure like,

dead, live load etc.)

 Reactive forces are forces generated by the action of one

body on another and hence typically occur at connections or
supports.
 The existence of reactive forces follows from Newton’s third
law, which state that to every action , there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
 SUPPORTS
supports refer to the part of the structure which may help other parts
to resist loads. Columns, walls, and foundations are the obvious
support systems in an architectural structure.

To bear or hold up (a load, mass, structure, part, etc.)serve as a foundatio
n or base for any structure.
To sustain or withstand (weight, pressure, strain, etc.) without  giving way

It is an aid or assistance to any structure by preserve its load

Supports are used to connect structures to the ground or other bodies in

order to restrict (confine) their movements under the applied loads. The
loads tend to move the structures, but supports prevent the movements by
exerting opposing forces, or reactions, to neutralize the effects of loads
thereby keeping the structures in equilibrium.
TYPES OF SUPPORTS
 Supports are grouped into three categories,
depending on the number of reactions
( 1,2,or3) they exert on the structures.
 1) Roller support
 2) Hinge support
 3) fixed support
 ROLLER SUPPORT
 Roller supports are free to rotate and translate along
the surface upon which the roller rests.

 The surface can be horizontal, vertical, or sloped at

any angle.

 The resulting reaction force is always a single force

that is perpendicular to, and away from, the surface
Restrains the structure from moving in one or two perpendicular directions.
HINGE SUPPORT

 A Hinge support can resist both vertical and horizontal

forces but not a moment. They will allow the structural
member to rotate, but not to translate in any direction

  Pin or hinge support is used when we need to prevent the

structure from moving or restrain its translational degrees of
freedom.

 A hinge is a type of bearing that connects two solid objects,

typically allowing only a limited angle of rotation between
them. Two objects connected by an ideal hinge rotate
relative to each other about a fixed axis of rotation. 
FIXED SUPPORT
 Fixed supports can resist vertical and horizontal
forces as well as a moment. Since they restrain
both rotation and translation, they are also known
as rigid supports.
BEAM
 A beam is a structural member (horizontal) that is
design to support the applied load (vertical). It
resists the applied loading by a combination of
internal transverse shear force and bending
moment.
 It is perhaps the most important and widely used
structural members and can be classified
according to its support conditions.
 Extremely common structural element

 In buildings majority of loads are vertical and

majority of useable surfaces are horizontal

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 devices for transferring
vertical loads horizontally

action of beams involves combination of

bending and shear
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TYPES OF BEAMS
 The following are the important types of beams:
 1. Cantilever
 2. simply supported
 3. overhanging
 4. Fixed beams
 5. Continuous beam
CANTILEVER BEAM
 A beam which is fixed at one end and free at
the other end is known as cantilever beam.
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 A beam supported or resting freely on the
supports at its both ends,
FIXED BEAMS
 A beam whose both ends are fixed and is
restrained against rotation and vertical
movement. Also known as built-in beam or
encastred beam.
OVERHANGING BEAM
 If the end portion of a beam is extended outside the
supports.
CONTINUOUS BEAMS
 A beam which is provided with more than two
supports.
TYPES OF LOADS
 Concentrated load assumed to act at a point and
immediately introduce an oversimplification since all
practical loading system must be applied over a finite
area.
 Point loads, from concentrated loads or other beams

 Distributed loads, from anything continuous

Distributed Load
Point Load

Reactions

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 The loads (& reactions) bend the beam,
and try to shear through it

Bending

Shear

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 e e

e e
C
T
Bending

Shear

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 in architectural structures, bending
moment more important
● importance increases as span increases

 short span structures with heavy loads,

shear dominant
● e.g. pin connecting engine parts

beams in building
designed for bending
checked for shear

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INTERNAL REACTIONS IN BEAMS
 At any cut in a beam, there are 3 possible
internal reactions required for equilibrium:
 normal force,
 shear force,
 bending moment.
P

a b
L
INTERNAL REACTIONS IN BEAMS
 At any cut in a beam, there are 3 possible
internal reactions required for equilibrium:
 normal force,
 shear force,
 bending moment. Positive Directions
Shown!!!
Left Side of Cut M

N
Pb/L V
x
INTERNAL REACTIONS IN BEAMS
 At any cut in a beam, there are 3 possible
internal reactions required for equilibrium:
 normal force,
 shear force,
 bending moment. Positive Directions
Shown!!!
M V Right Side of Cut

N
Pa/L
L-x
SHEAR FORCES, BENDING MOMENTS - SIGN
CONVENTIONS

left section right section

Shear forces:
positive shear:

negative shear:

Bending moments:

Negative moment
C.W

positive moment ACW

Sagging bending moment is POSITIVE (happy)

+
Hogging bending moment is NEGATIVE
(sad)

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 Consider cantilever beam with point load on end

W
vertical reaction, R = -W
MR = -WL and moment reaction MR = - WL

R =- W
 Use the free body idea to isolate part of the beam

 Add in forces required for equilibrium

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 W
M = -Wx
Take section anywhere at distance, x from end

Add in forces, V = -W and moment M = - Wx x

V = -W

Shear V =- W constant along length V = -W

Shear Force Diagram

BM = -Wx
Bending Moment BM = -W.x
BM = WL
when x = L BM = -WL
when x = 0 BM = 0
Bending Moment Diagram
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 w /unit length

For maximum shear V and bending moment BM

Total Load W = w.L

MR = -WL/2
= -wL2/2 L/2 L/2

R = W = wL

vertical reaction, R=W = wL

and moment reaction MR = - WL/2 = - wL2/2
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For distributed V and BM wx

Take section anywhere at distance, x from end M = -wx2/2

Add in forces, V = w.x and moment M = - wx.x/2

X/2 X/2
V = wx
Shear V = wx
when x = L V = W = wL V = wL
when x = 0 V=0 =W
Shear Force Diagram

BM = wx 2 /2
Bending Moment BM = w.x /2 2

when x = L BM = wL2/2 = WL/2 BM = wL2/2

when x = 0 BM = 0 = WL/2
(parabolic) Bending Moment Diagram

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