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WEB PROGRAMMING
Lecturer: Md. Rakib Hasan
15 The INTERNET… and a bit of history
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What is the internet?
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A “series of tubes”
How many Internets are out there?
Is Google one of them?
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What is the internet?
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A collection of computer networks that use a
protocol to exchange data
Is the World Wide Web (WWW) and the internet
the same?
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Brief history
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Began as a US Department of Defense
network called ARPANET (1960s-70s)
Packet switching (in the 60s)
E-mail is born on 1971
TCP/IP beginning on 1974 (Vinton Cerf)
USENET (1979)
By 1987: Internet includes
nearly 30,000 hosts
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Brief history (cont.)
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WWW created in 1989-91 by Tim Berners-Lee
Popular web browsers released:
Netscape 1994
IE 1995
Amazon.com opens in 1995
Google January 1996
Wikipedia launched in 2001
MySpace opens in 2003
Facebook February 2004
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Wikipedia launched in 2001
MySpace opens in 2003
Facebook February 2004
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The future of the internet?
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Key aspects of the internet
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Sub-networks are independent
Computers can dynamically join and leave the
network
Built on open standards
Lack of centralized control (mostly)
Everyone can use it with simple, commonly
available software
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People and organizations
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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): internet
protocol standards
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN): decides top-level domain
names
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): web
standards
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Layered architecture
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Internet Protocol (IP)
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Simple protocol for data exchange between
computers
IP Addresses:
32-bit for IPv5
128-bit for IPv6
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Transmission Control Protocol
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(TCP)
Adds multiplexing, guaranteed message delivery on
top of IP
Multiplexing: multiple programs using the same IP
address
Port: a number given to each program or service
port 80: web browser (port 443 for secure browsing)
port 25: email
port 22: ssh
Some programs (games, streaming media programs)
use simpler UDP protocol instead of TCP
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Web Servers
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Web server: software that listens for web page
requests
Apache
Microsoft Internet
Information Server (IIS)
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Application Server
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Software framework that provides an environment
where applications can run
Apache
Glassfish
WebSphere
WebLogic
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Web Browser
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Web browser: fetches/displays documents from
web servers
Mozilla Firefox
Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE)
Apple Safari
Google Chrome
Opera
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Domain Name Server (DNS)
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Set of servers that map written names to IP
addresses
Example: ju.edu → 204.29.160.73
Many systems maintain a local cache called a hosts
file
Windows: C:\Windows\system32\drivers\etc\hosts
Mac: /private/etc/hosts
Linux: /etc/hosts
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Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
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Identifier for the location of a document on a web
site
Example: http://dept.ju.edu/cs/index.html
Upon entering this URL into the browser, it would:
ask the DNS server for the IP address of dept.ju.edu
connect to that IP address at port 80
ask the server to GET /cs/index.html
display the resulting page on the screen
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Simple URL
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Complex URL
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Hypertext Transport Protocol
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(HTTP)
Set of commands understood by a web server and
sent from a browser
Some HTTP commands (your browser sends these
internally):
GET filename : download
POST filename : send a web form response
PUT filename : upload
Exercise: simulate a browser with a terminal
window
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HTTP Error Codes
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When something goes wrong, the web server
returns a special "error code" number
Common error codes:
Number Meaning
200 OK
page has moved (permanently or
301-303
temporarily)
you are forbidden to access this
403
page
404 page not found
500 internal server error
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Internet Media (“MIME”) types
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MIME type file extension
text/html .html
text/plain .txt
image/gif .gif
image/jpeg .jpg
video/quicktime .mov
application/octet-stream .exe
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Web Languages
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Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): used for
writing web pages
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): stylistic info for
web pages
PHP Hypertext Processor (PHP): dynamically
create pages on a web server
JavaScript: interactive and programmable web
pages
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Web Languages(cont.)
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Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (Ajax):
accessing data for web applications
eXtensible Markup Language (XML): meta-
language for organizing data
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