Transport Phenomena

-Shell Balance

Ming-Hua Ho
2009/10
 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008

Outlines
• Introduction of generalized shell balance
• Shell mass balance and continuity equation
• Shell momentum balance in RCC coordinate
• Shell momentum balance in cylindrical
coordinates
• Shell momentum balance in spherical
coordinates
• Navier-Stokes’ equation

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008

Generalized Shell Balances

IN

Control
Volume ACCUMULATION
of OUT
• Rate of in- Rate of out + Generation rate of 
= Rate of Accumulation of 
• Where:  = Mass, Momentum, Energy, …
• Steady State: Rate of Accumulation of in = 0
• Without Reaction: Generation rate of  = 0

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Property Balance

• Property = Mass, Energy, Momentum…

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Protocols for Property Balance

• Sketch a simple diagram

• Write chemical equations involved

• Select a basis for calculation

• Make a material balance

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Fig. 3.1-1
Mass Balance through a C.V.


xyz
t
 yz[ v x x  v x x  x ]
 zx[ v y y  v y y  y ]
 xy[ v z z  v z z  z ]

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p.77
Equation of Continuity
   
 ( v x  v y  v z )
t x y z

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p.77
Equation of Continuity with Constant 
   
 ( v x  v y  v z )
t x y z

 
 (  v )
t
 
If  is constant, 0    (  v ) v  0

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Ref.
Overall Balance Eqn. for Energy

IN

ACCUMULATION
of  OUT

(rate of energy accumulation in

C.V.)  v2
  (H   zg)  dV
t V 2

(net energy efflux rate from C.V.)

v2
  ( H   zg )( v) cos  dA
A
2

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Ref.
Derivation of Overall Balance Eqn.
v2  v2
A ( H 
2
 zg )( v ) cos  dA 
t 
V
(H 
2
 zg)  dV  q - 
W s

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Overall Balance and Shell Balance

Overall Balance Shell Balance

Macroscopic C.V. Microscopic C.V.

No details inside C.V. Profiles inside C.V.

Easy Mathematical Difficult Mathematical

Procedures Procedures

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Fig. 3.1-1
Shell Mass Balance in
R.C.C. Coordinate
  v x x  y  z    v x x  x  y  z 
 
  v y y  x  z     v y y  y  x  z 
  v z z  x  y    v z z  z  x  y 

 (   x  y  z )
t
   
(   vx )  (   v y )  (   vz )  0
x y z t

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008

Shell Mass Balance

    
 ( v)     v  v    0
t t


For incompressible fluid v  0

For Steady state   v  0

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008

Continuity Equations

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Fig. 3.2-1
Shell Momentum Balance

[Momentum accumulation]
= [Rate of momentum in]
– [Rate of momentum out]
+ [external force on the fluid]

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Shell Momentum Balance

[Momentum accumulation]

= [Rate of momentum in]

– [Rate of momentum out]

+ [external force on the fluid]

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Flow between Parallel Plates

vx

vx,max

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Flow between Parallel Plates

z
z
y x
y

x

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Flow between Parallel Plates

vx
h = 2D
vx,max Width =W
Length = L

Assumptions: steady state, laminar flow,

vy=vz=0 and vx is independent on x

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Flow between Parallel Plates

Pressure forces = pA x  pA x  x  pyz x  pyz x  x

Momentum efflux =  yx  x  z y   yx  x  z y  y

 yx  x  z y   yx  x  z y  y  pyz x  pyz x  x 0

 yx  x  z y   yx  x  z pyz x  pyz x  x
y  y
 0
x  y  z x  y  z
 yx y   yx y  y p xp
 x  x
0
y x
(x, y, z )  0
 yxp
  0
y x
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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Flow between Parallel Plates

 yx p
-
y x
p
 yx  (- )y  C1
x
p
C1  0  yx  (- )y
x
v x
 yx  -
y
p v v x 1 p
 yx  (- )y  - x  ( )y
x y y  x
1 p 2
vx  ( )y  C 2
2 x

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Flow between Parallel Plates

1 p 2
vx  ( )y  C 2
2 x
1 p 2
C2  - ( )D
2 x
2
D 2 p y
vx  - ( )[1 -   ]
2 x  B

y=0, vx=vmax
D 2 p
vmax - ( )
2  x

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept
Flow between Parallel Plates
Average velocity

2
1 W D D
2
p y  D 2 p 2
2DW 0 -D 2 x
vav  - ( )[1 -   ]dydz   vmax
D 3 x 3

Flow rate
2
W B D p
2
y  2 D 3W p
q -B - 2 ( x )[1-  D  ]dydz  3 x
0

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept
Flow between Parallel Plates

Force of fluid on solid surface

p p
 yx  (- )y  s  (- )D
x x
W L p p
Fx  2  -( )Ddxdz  2 DLW
0 0 x x

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Summary of Boundary Conditions

• Non-slip B.C.
• Symmetric B.C.
• Continuous B.C.
• Convergence criteria

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Depth =W p. 74 (2D.2)
Length = L
Flow of a Vertical Falling Film
There is a thin film of liquid left behind on the
wall as the liquid level in the vessel falls.
Please derive the local film thickness.

Assumption:
steady state
laminar flow
vx=vy=0

vz is independent on z

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 74 (2D.2)

Flow of a Vertical Falling Film

Net momentum efflux   xz y  z x  x   xz  y  z x

Gravity forces  gxyz

LW  xz x  x  LW  xz x  gWLx

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 74 (2D.2)

Flow of a Vertical Falling Film

LW  xz x  x  LW  xz x  gWLx
 xz
x  0  g  xz  gx  C1
x
C1   g  xz  g (  x)

v z
 xz  -
x
v z v z g
 yx  g (  x)  -  (  x)
x x 
g 1
vx  (C2  x  x 2 )
 2

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 74 (2D.2)

Flow of a Vertical Falling Film

g 1
C2  0 vz  (x  x 2 )
 2

Maximum velocity
Average velocity
Flow rate
Force of fluid on solid surface

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 42 (2.2)

Flow of a Falling Film

Length=L Width=W

vz = vz(x)
dv z
vx=vy=0  xz  -
dx
p=p(x)

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 42 (2.2)
Flow of a Falling Film

Rate of z-momentum in across surface (WL) xz x

at x
Rate of z-momentum in across surface (WL) xz x  x
at x+∆x
Gravity force (LW x)( g  cos )

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 42 (2.2)

Flow of a Falling Film

LW  xz x  x  LW  xz x  gWLx cos 

 xz
 g  cos   xz  ( g  cos  ) x  C1
x
x0  xz  0  xz  ( g  cos  ) x

dv z g  cos  2
 xz  -  gx  cos  v z  -( ) x  C2
dx 2
x  vz  0
g 2  cos  x
vz  [1 - ( ) 2 ]
2 

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 42 (2.2)

Flow of a Falling Film

g 2  cos  x 2
vz  [1 - ( ) ]
2 

g 2  cos 
v z , max 
2

W 

v z ,av 

0  v dxdy 1 
0
z
  v dx 
g 2 cos  1 x 2 x
0 [1  ( ) ]d (  )
W

z
2
 
0
dxdy
0 0

g 2 cos  2
  v z ,max
3 3

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 42 (2.2)

Flow of a Falling Film

w
 2 gW 3 cos 
w    v z dxdy  W  v z  
0 0
3

3  v z  3w
 3 2
g cos   gW cos 

LW LW
dv z
Fz    ( xz x  )dydz    (   x  )dydz
0 0 0 0
dx
g cos 
 ( LW )(  )( )  gLW cos 


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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008

Homework

• 2B.3
• 2B.4

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Coordinates in the Cylindrical System

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Flow in the Horizontal Pipe

Assume steady state, laminar
flow, vr=v=0 and vz is independent
on z

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Flow in the Horizontal Pipe

r r
r z r z

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Flow in the Horizontal Pipe

Net momentum efflux   rz  rz r  r   rz  rz r

Net momentum efflux   rz 2r  z r  r   rz  2r  z r

Pressure forces  pA z  pA z  z  prr z  prr z  z

Pressure forces  pA z  pA z  z  p 2rr z  p 2rr z  z

 rz 2r  z r  r   rz  2r  z r  p 2rr z  p 2rr z  z

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Flow in the Horizontal Pipe

 rz 2r  z r  r   rz  2r  z r  p 2rr z  p 2rr z  z

 rz r   rz r pr z  pr z  z
r  r r

rz rz
 (r rz )  (rp ) p p
(r , z )  0   r ( )  r ( )
r z z L
d (r rz ) p p r C1
 r( )  rz  ( ) 
dr L L 2 r
p p0  p L
 rz  ( )r  r
2L 2L

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Flow in the Horizontal Pipe

p0  p L 2 r 2
vz  R [1  ( ) ]
4L R

Maximum velocity

As r=0, vz=vmax vmax  p0  pL R 2

4L

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept
Flow in the Vertical Pipe
Assume steady state, laminar
flow, vr=v=0 and vz is independent on z

r
r

z

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Flow in the Vertical Pipe

Net momentum efflux   rz  rz r  r   rz  rz r

Net momentum efflux   rz 2r  z r  r   rz  2r  z r

Pressure forces  pA z  pA z  z  prr z  prr z  z

Pressure forces  pA z  pA z  z  p 2rr z  p 2rr z  z

Gravity forces  grrz

Gravity forces  g 2rrz

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Flow in the Vertical Pipe

 rz 2r  z r  r   rz  2r  z r  p 2rr z  z  p 2rr z  g 2rrz  0

 (r rz )  (rp ) p 
(r , z )  0   g  r  g  r
r z z z
p  (  gz ) 
  p  gz p    gz     g
z z z

 (r rz ) p
 r ( )
r z
 (r rz ) 
 r
r z

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept
Dynamic Pressure
  p  gz

kg kg
m  s2 m  s2
p  (  gz ) 
    g
z z z

With sliding angle ,   p  gz cos 

p  (  gz cos  ) 
    g cos 
z z z

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Basic concept

Flow in the Vertical Pipe

 (r rz )   r C1
 r ( )  rz  ( ) 
r z L 2 r
  L
 rz  ( )r  0 r
2L 2L
dvz dv z   0 L r
 rz  -
dr dr 2L

0 L 2 r
vz  R [1  ( ) 2 ]
4L R

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 48 (2.3)
Flow through an Annulus
Assume steady state,
laminar flow, vr=v=0 and vz is
independent on z

Net momentum efflux   rz 2r  z r  r   rz  2r  z r

Pressure forces  pA z  pA z  z  p 2rr z  p 2rr z  z

Gravity forces  g 2rrz

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 48 (2.3)
Flow through an Annulus
In – Out + Gen = Acc = 0
Out - In - Gen = 0

Out – In =  rz 2r  z r  r   rz  2r  z r

Gen (pressure) = p 2rr z  p 2rr z  z

Gen (gravity) =  ( g )2rrz  0

 rz 2r  z r  r   rz  2r  z r  p 2rr z  z  p 2rr z  g 2rrz  0

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 48 (2.3)
Flow through an Annulus
 rz 2r  z r  r   rz  2r  z r  p 2rr z  z  p 2rr z  g 2rrz  0

 (r rz )  (rp ) p 
(r , z )  0   g  r  g  r
r z z z
 (r rz )   r C1
 r ( )  rz  ( ) 
r z L 2 r

dv z dv z  C1 1
 rz  -  r
dr dr 2 L  r
 2 C1
vz 
4 L
r  ln r  C2


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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 48 (2.3)

Flow through an Annulus

 2 C1
v z   4L r   ln r  C2

 2 r 2 1 k 2 R
vz  R [1  ( )  ln( )]
4L R ln( 1 ) r
k
 rz  r 1 k 2 R
 R[( )  ( )]
2L R 2 ln( 1 ) r
k
r 1 k 2 R 1 k 2
As rz=0  ( ) r  rz 0 R
R 2 ln( 1 ) r 2 ln( 1 )
k k

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008

Homework
• 2B.6
• 2B.7
• 2B.8

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Ref.

109/10/11 52
 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Ref.

The Cone-and-Plate Viscometer

Assume steady state,
laminar flow, vr=v=0 and v is
independent on 

Ain
  r sin r       r sin r 

 prr     prr 

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008

Homework
• 2B.11

109/10/11 54
 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 79 Fig. 3.2-1
Shell Momentum Balance

[Rate of increase of momentum]

= [Rate of momentum in]
– [Rate of momentum out]
+ [external force on the fluid]

1 
v xyz
t
     
 A  v (v .n ) in A  v (v .n ) out  A  in  A  out
 
 A  p in  A  p out  gxyz

109/10/11 55
 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 80
Shell Momentum Balance
For the momentum transport caused by vx

(   v x v x x  y  z -   v x v x x  x
 y  z )
 (   v y v x y  x  z -   v y v x y  y  x  z )
 (   v z v x z  y  x -   v z v x z  z
 y  x)

[( xx ) x  ( xx ) x  x ]yz  [( yx ) y  ( yx ) y  y ]xz  [( zx ) z  ( zx ) z  z ]xy

( p x  p x  x )yz

109/10/11 56
 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 80
Shell Momentum Balance
g x xyz
 ( v x )
xyz
t
 ( v x )
xyz  (   v x v x x  y  z -   v x v x x  x
 y  z )
t
 (   v y v x y  x  z -   v y v x y  y  x  z )
 (   v z v x z  y  x -   v z v x z  z
 y  x)
 [( xx ) x  ( xx ) x  x ]yz
 [( yx ) y  ( yx ) y  y ]xz
 [( zx ) z  ( zx ) z  z ]xy
 ( p x  p x  x )yz  g x xyz
 ( v x )  ( vx v x )  ( v y vx )  ( v z v x )  xx  yx  zx p
 -[   ]- [   ]-  g x
t x y z x y z x

109/10/11 57
 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 80
Shell Momentum Balance
For y component
 ( v y )  ( v x v y )  ( v y v y )  ( v z v y )  xy  yy  zy p
 -[   ]- [   ]-  g y
t x y z x y z y

For z component
 ( v z )  ( v x v z )  ( v y v z )  ( v z vz )  xz  yz  zz p
 -[   ]- [   ]-  g z
t x y z x y z z
 
 ( v )    D( v )
  



) - p  g
 -(  v v ) - (  ) - p  g -(
t Dt

For constant density

 
v    
Dv  
 -(  ) - p  g
  -  (  v v ) - (  ) - p  g Dt
t

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 80
Shell Momentum Balance for
Newtonian Fluid
For Newtonian fluid with varying density and viscosity
 ( v x )  ( v x v x )  ( v y v x )  ( v z vx )  xx  yx  zx p
 -[   ]- [   ] -  g x
t x y z x y z x
v 2 v x v y v z v x
 xx

 -2 x    v  yx   [  ]  zx   [  ]
x 3 y x x z

 ( v x )  ( vx v x )  ( v y vx )  ( v z v x )
 -[   ]
t x y z
 v x 2   v x v y  v z v x p
 { [2 -   v ]  [  (  )]  [  (  )]} -  g x
x x 3 y y x z x z x

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
p. 80
Shell Momentum Balance for Newtonian
Fluid with Constant Density and Viscosity

Dv  
  -(  ) - p  g
Dt
 
  -v
v x 2  v x v y v v
 xx  -2    v  yx   [  ]  zx   [ z  x ]
x 3 y x x z

Dv  v 2   v v  v v 
  (2 x -   v )  [  ( x  y )]  [  ( z  x )] - p  g
Dt x x 3 y y x z x z

For constant density, v  0

Dv  v x 2   v x v y  v v 
  (2 -   v )  [  (  )]  [  ( z  x )] - p  g
Dt x x 3 y y x z x z

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008
Shell Momentum Balance for Newtonian
Fluid with Constant Density and Viscosity
v x v x v x v x  2 v x  2 v x  2 v x p
(  vx  vy  vz )   ( 2  2  2 ) -  g x
t x y z x y z x
v y v y v y v y  2v y p  2v y  2v y
(  vx  vy  vz )  (  g y  )-
t x y z x 2
y 2
z 2
y
v z v z vz v z  2 v z  2 v z  2 v z p
(  vx  vy  vz )   ( 2  2  2 ) -  g z
t x y z x y z z
 
Dv  v   
   2 v - p  g  (  v  v )   2 v - p  g
Dt t

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008

Navier-Stokes Equation in Cylindrical

Coordinates

v   2
 (  v  v )   v - p  g
t

     
  r  z
r r  z

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 Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2008

Navier-Stokes Equation in Spherical

Coordinates

v   2
 (  v  v )   v - p  g
t

     1 
  r   
r r  r sin  

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