Chapter 1
Foundations Of
Engineering
Economy
Lecture slides to accompany
Engineering Economy
8th edition
Leland Blank
Anthony Tarquin
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Class1
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Role in decision
7. Economic equivalence
making
8. Simple and compound
2. Study approach
interest
3. Ethics and economics
9. Minimum attractive
4. Interest rate rate of return
5. Terms and symbols 10. Spreadsheet
functions
6. Cash flows
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Why Engineering Economy is Important to
Engineers
Engineers design and create
Designing involves economic decisions
Engineers must be able to incorporate economic analysis
into their creative efforts
Often engineers must select and implement from multiple
alternatives
Understanding and applying time value of money,
economic equivalence, and cost estimation are vital for
engineers
A proper economic analysis for selection and execution is
a fundamental task of engineering
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Time Value of Money (TVM)
Description: TVM explains the change in the amount of money
over time for funds owed by or owned by a corporation (or
individual)
Corporate investments are expected to earn a return
Investment involves money
Money has a ‘time value’
The time value of money is the most important
concept in engineering economy
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Engineering Economy
The criterion used to select an alternative in engineering economy
for a specific set of estimates is called a measure of worth . The
measures developed and used in this text are
•Present worth (PW)
•Future worth (FW)
•Annual worth (AW)
•Rate of return (ROR)
•Benefit/cost (B/C)
•Capitalized cost (CC)
•Payback period
•Economic value added (EVA)
•Cost Effectiveness 1-6 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
Engineering Economy
Engineering Economy involves
Formulating
Estimating, and
Evaluating
expected economic outcomes of alternatives designed
to accomplish a defined purpose
Easy-to-use math techniques simplify the
evaluation
Estimates of economic outcomes can be
deterministic or stochastic in nature
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General Steps for Decision Making Processes
1. Understand the problem – define objectives
2. Collect relevant information
3. Define the set of feasible alternatives
4. Identify the criteria for decision making
5. Evaluate the alternatives and apply sensitivity
analysis
6. Select the “best” alternative
7. Implement the alternative and monitor results
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Steps in an Engineering Economy Study
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Ethics – Different Levels
Universal morals or ethics – Fundamental beliefs:
stealing, lying, harming or murdering another are
wrong
Personal morals or ethics – Beliefs that an
individual has and maintains over time; how a
universal moral is interpreted and used by each
person
Professional or engineering ethics – Formal
standard or code that guides a person in work
activities and decision making
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Code of Ethics for Engineers
All disciplines have a formal code of ethics. National Society of Professional
Engineers (NSPE) maintains a code specifically for engineers; many
engineering professional societies have their own code
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Interest and Interest Rate
Interest – the manifestation of the time value of money
• Fee that one pays to use someone else’s money
• Difference between an ending amount of money and a
beginning amount of money
Interest = amount owed now – principal
Interest rate – Interest paid over a time period expressed as
a percentage of principal
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Rate of Return
Interest earned over a period of time is expressed as a
percentage of the original amount (principal)
interest accrued per time unit
Rate of return (%) = x 100%
original amount
Borrower’s perspective – interest rate paid
Lender’s or investor’s perspective – rate of return earned
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Interest paid Interest Earned
Interest rate Rate of return
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Class 2
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Make-Up Classes
Can we make up classes?
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Commonly used Symbols
t = time, usually in periods such as years or months
P = value or amount of money at a time t
designated as present or time 0
F = value or amount of money at some future time,
such as at t = n periods in the future
A = series of consecutive, equal, end-of-period amounts of
money
n = number of interest periods; years, months
i = interest rate or rate of return per time period; percent per year
or month
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Example1.7
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Example 1.8
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Cash Flows: Terms
Cash Inflows – Revenues (R), receipts, incomes, savings
generated by projects and activities that flow in. Plus sign
used
Cash Outflows – Disbursements (D), costs, expenses,
taxes caused by projects and activities that flow out. Minus
sign used
Net Cash Flow (NCF) for each time period:
NCF = cash inflows – cash outflows = R – D
End-of-period assumption:
Funds flow at the end of a given interest period
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Cash Flows: Estimating
Point estimate – A single-value estimate of a cash flow
element of an alternative
Cash inflow: Income = $150,000 per month
Range estimate – Min and max values that estimate the
cash flow
Cash outflow: Cost is between $2.5 M and $3.2 M
Point estimates are commonly used; however, range
estimates with probabilities attached provide a better
understanding of variability of economic parameters used
to make decisions
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Cash Flow Diagrams
What a typical cash flow diagram might look like
Draw a time line Always assume end-of-period cash flows
Time
0 1 2 … … … n-1 n
One time
period
F = $100
Show the cash flows (to approximate scale)
0 1 2 … … … n-1 n
Cash flows are shown as directed arrows:
P = $-80
+ (up) for inflow
- (down)1-33
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for outflow
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Solution
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Example 1.11
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Solution
Plot observed cash flows over last 8 years and estimated sale next
year for $150. Show present worth (P) arrow at present time, t = 0
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Homework
1.10 Emerson Processing borrowed $900,000 for installing
energy-effi cient lighting and safety equipment
in its La Grange manufacturing facility. The
terms of the loan were such that the company could
pay interest only at the end of each year for up to 5
years, after which the company would have to pay
the entire amount due. If the interest rate on the
loan was 12% per year and the company paid only
the interest for 4 years, determine the following:
(a) The amount of each of the four interest
payments
(b) The amount of the final payment at the end of
year 5 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
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Homework
1.12 A new engineering graduate who started a consulting
business borrowed money for 1 year to furnish
the office. The amount of the loan was $23,800,
and it had an interest rate of 10% per year. However,
because the new graduate had not built up a
credit history, the bank made him buy loan-default
insurance that cost 5% of the loan amount. In addition,
the bank charged a loan setup fee of $300.
What was the effective interest rate the engineer
paid for the loan?
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Class 3
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Homework
1.10 Emerson Processing borrowed $900,000 for installing
energy-effi cient lighting and safety equipment
in its La Grange manufacturing facility. The
terms of the loan were such that the company could
pay interest only at the end of each year for up to 5
years, after which the company would have to pay
the entire amount due. If the interest rate on the
loan was 12% per year and the company paid only
the interest for 4 years, determine the following:
(a) The amount of each of the four interest
payments
(b) The amount of the final payment at the end of
year 5 © 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All Rights Reserved
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Solution to Homework 1.10
1.10 (a) Amount paid first four years = 900,000(0.12) =
$108,000
(b) Final payment = 900,000 + 900,000(0.12) =
$1,008,000
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Homework
1.12 A new engineering graduate who started a consulting
business borrowed money for 1 year to furnish
the office. The amount of the loan was $23,800,
and it had an interest rate of 10% per year. However,
because the new graduate had not built up a
credit history, the bank made him buy loan-default
insurance that cost 5% of the loan amount. In addition,
the bank charged a loan setup fee of $300.
What was the effective interest rate the engineer
paid for the loan?
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Solution to Homework 1.12
1.12 Interest on loan = 23,800(0.10) = $2,380
Default insurance = 23,800(0.05) = $1190
Set-up fee = $300
Total amount paid = 2380 + 1190 + 300 = $3870
Effective interest rate = (3870/23,800)*100 = 16.3%
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Example 1.11
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Solution
Plot observed cash flows over last 8 years and estimated sale next
year for $150. Show present worth (P) arrow at present time, t = 0
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Economic Equivalence
Definition: Combination of interest rate (rate of
return) and time value of money to determine
different amounts of money at different points in
time that are economically equivalent
How it works: Use rate i and time t in upcoming
relations to move money (values of P, F and A)
between time points t = 0, 1, …, n to make them
equivalent (not equal) at the rate i
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Example of Equivalence
Different sums of money at different times may be
equal in economic value at a given rate
$110
Year
0 1
Rate of return = 10% per year
$100 now
$100 now is economically equivalent to $110 one year from now, if
the $100 is invested at a rate of 10% per year.
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Example1.12
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Simple and Compound Interest
Simple Interest
Interest is calculated using principal only
Interest = (principal)(number of periods)(interest rate)
I = Pni
Example: $100,000 lent for 3 years at simple i = 10%
per year. What is repayment after 3 years?
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Simple and Compound Interest
Simple Interest
Interest is calculated using principal only
Interest = (principal)(number of periods)(interest rate)
I = Pni
Example: $100,000 lent for 3 years at simple i = 10%
per year. What is repayment after 3 years?
Interest = 100,000(3)(0.10) = $30,000
Total due = 100,000 + 30,000 = $130,000
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Simple and Compound Interest
Compound Interest
Interest is based on principal plus all accrued interest
That is, interest compounds over time
Interest = (principal + all accrued interest) (interest rate)
Interest for time period t is
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Compound Interest Example
Example: $100,000 lent for 3 years at i = 10% per
year compounded. What is repayment after 3
years?
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Compound Interest Example
Example: $100,000 lent for 3 years at i = 10% per year
compounded. What is repayment after 3 years?
Interest, year 1: I1 = 100,000(0.10) = $10,000
Total due, year 1: T1 = 100,000 + 10,000 = $110,000
Interest, year 2: I2 = 110,000(0.10) = $11,000
Total due, year 2: T2 = 110,000 + 11,000 = $121,000
Interest, year 3: I3 = 121,000(0.10) = $12,100
Total due, year 3: T3 = 121,000 + 12,100 = $133,100
Compounded: $133,100 Simple: $130,000
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Minimum Attractive Rate of Return （ MARR ）
MARR is a reasonable rate
of return (percent)
established for evaluating
and selecting alternatives
An investment is justified
economically if it is expected
to return at least the MARR
Also termed hurdle rate,
benchmark rate and cutoff
rate
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MARR Characteristics
MARR is established by the financial managers of
the firm
MARR is fundamentally connected to the cost of
capital
Both types of capital financing are used to
determine the weighted average cost of capital
(WACC) and the MARR
MARR usually considers the risk inherent to a
project
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Types of Financing
Equity Financing –Funds either from retained
earnings, new stock issues, or owner’s infusion of
money.
Debt Financing –Borrowed funds from outside
sources – loans, bonds, mortgages, venture
capital pools, etc. Interest is paid to the lender on
these funds
For an economically justified project
ROR ≥ MARR > WACC
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WACC
Combinations of debt-equity financing mean that a
weighted average cost of capital (WACC)results.
If the HDTV is purchased with 40% credit card
money at 15% per year and 60% savings account
funds earning 5% per year, the weighted average
cost of capital is 0.4(15) + 0.6(5) = 9% per year.
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Opportunity Cost
Definition: Largest rate of return of all projects not accepted
(forgone) due to a lack of capital funds
If no MARR is set, the ROR of the first project not undertaken
establishes the opportunity cost
Example: Assume MARR = 10%. Project A, not
funded due to lack of funds, is projected to have
RORA = 13%. Project B has RORB = 15% and is
funded because it costs less than A
Opportunity cost is 13%, i.e., the opportunity to make
an additional 13% is forgone by not funding project
A
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Introduction to Spreadsheet Functions
Excel financial functions
Present Value, P: = PV(i%,n,A,F)
Future Value, F: = FV(i%,n,A,P)
Equal, periodic value, A: = PMT(i%,n,P,F)
Number of periods, n: = NPER((i%,A,P,F)
Compound interest rate, i: = RATE(n,A,P,F)
Compound interest rate, i: = IRR(first_cell:last_cell)
Present value, any series, P: = NPV(i%,second_cell:last_cell) + first_cell
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Example
Example: Estimates are P = $5000 n = 5 years i = 5% per year
Find A in $ per year
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Introduction to Spreadsheet Functions
Example: Estimates are P = $5000 n = 5 years i = 5% per year
Find A in $ per year
Function and display: = PMT(5%, 5, 5000) displays A = $1154.87
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Chapter Summary
Engineering Economy fundamentals
Time value of money
Economic equivalence
Introduction to capital funding and MARR
Spreadsheet functions
Interest rate and rate of return
Simple and compound interest
Cash flow estimation
Cash flow diagrams
End-of-period assumption
Net cash flow
Perspectives taken for cash flow estimation
Ethics
Universal morals and personal morals
Professional and engineering ethics (Code of Ethics)
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Homework
1.22 For a company that uses a year as its interest period,
determine the net cash flow that will be recorded
at the end of the year from the cash flows
shown.
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Homework
1.31 If a company sets aside $1,000,000 now into a
contingency fund, how much will the company
have in 2 years, if it does not use any of the money
and the account grows at a rate of 10% per year?
1.40 What is the weighted average cost of capital for a
corporation that finances an expansion project
using 30% retained earnings and 70% venture capital?
Assume the interest rates are 8% for the equity
financing and 13% for the debt financing.
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Homework
1.43 What are the values of the engineering economy
symbols P , F , A , i , and n in the following functions?
Use a question mark for the symbol that is to be determined.
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