Chapter 2

Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s Equation

dy
 P(x)y  q(x )y n , n  0, n  1.
dx

Chapter 2 1
 Bernoulli’s Equation
Sometimes it is possible to convert non-linear equation
into a linear equation by change of the dependent variable
Definition
An equation of the form
dy ………………. (1)
 P( x) y  Q( x) y n
dx
is called a Bernoulli’s differential equation, where n is any real number.
For n = 0 equation (1) becomes linear and for n = 1 equation (1)
becomes separable & linear in y. Now for y  0 eq (1) can be writen as
dy
 yn
 P ( x ) y1 n  Q ( x ) ……………….. (2)
dx
If we let, v  y 1 n , then ..…………….. (3)

 dv 1 n 1 dy
 (1  n) y
dx dx
 dv dy
  (1  n) y  n
dx dx
1 dv dy
  y n …………………(4)
1  n dx dx
With the help of eq (3) & (4). Equation (2) can be simplified to the linear eq

1 dv
  P ( x )v  Q ( x )
1  n dx
 dv
 (1  n) P ( x )v  (1  n)Q( x )
………………..(5)
dx ,
1 n
Solving (5) for v and using v  y leads to the solution
,
of eq (1)
Chapter 2

Method
Bernoulli’s Equation

Substitute v  y 1 n

dv  n dy
 (1  n)y .
dx dx
Bernoulli’s Equation First order Linear Differential Equation
Chapter 2 4
 dy
 P(x )y  q(x )y n , n  0, n  1
dx
Chapter 2

Dividing both sides of the DE by y n,

we obtained
n dy
y  P(x )y 1 n  q(x )
dx
Bernoulli’s Equation

Substitute v  y 1 n
dv  n dy
 (1  n)y .
dx dx
We obtained dv
 (1  n)P(x )v  (1  n)q(x ),
dx
a first orderChapter
linear 2
Differential Equation5
 Example.1. (1/2)

dy
 y  xy 3.
Chapter 2

Solve the Bernoulli’s equation

dx

Solution: Comparing the given DE with Standard form of the Bernoulli’s

equation
v  y 1 3  y 2
n=3
Bernoulli’s Equation

dv dy dy
 (1  3)y 3  2y 3 .
dx dx dx

Divinding given DE with y 3

dy
y 3  y 2  x
dx
1 dv
 v  x
2 dx
dw
 2v  2 x is First order linear DE
dx

Chapter 2 6
 (2/2)

Integrating Factor (x)  e  ( 2)dx

 e 2 x
Chapter 2

dv
e-2x  e-2x 2v  2 xe-2x
dx
d
dx
 
e-2xv  2 xe-2x

e-2xv  2  xe-2x dx
Bernoulli’s Equation

 1 1 
e-2xv  2   xe-2x  e-2x   c
 2 4 
-2x -2x 1 -2x
e v  xe  e  c
2
1
v  x   ce2x
2
1
y 2  x   ce2x
2 is general solution
Chapter 2 7
Example # 2:
Solve:
1
dy xy
  xy 2
…………………(6)
dx 1  x 2

Solution:

From (1), we identify

x
Q( x)  x , P( x) 
1 x2 ,
n
1
2
Thus, let 1
1 1
v  y 2
 y 2

1  12 dy dv
y 
2 dx dx
 1
 dy dv
Or y 2
2
dx dx
Now eq (6) takes the form
dv x
2  v x
dx 1 x2
dv x x
 v  …………….(7)
dx 2(1  x 2 ) 2

Now eq (7) is linear in v

 x 
exp   dx 
I.F. =  2(1  x )
2

1
 1 2 
exp   ln(1  x )  (1  x )
2 4
…………….(8)
 4 

Multiplying (8) with (7) we get

1
 dv x x
(1  x )
2 4
 5
v  1
dx
2(1  x )
2 4
2(1  x )
2 4

d   1  
1 1

(1  x ) v     2 x(1  x ) 4 
2 2
4
……………(9)
dx   4 
 Integrating eq (9) we get
 2 4
3

(1  x ) 
 
1
 1  C
(1  x ) v   
2 4

  4 3
4
3
1
(1  x )
2 4

Or v  C (1  x 2 ) 4

3

3
1 1
(1  x )
2 4
y 2
 C (1  x 2 ) 4
 ……………….. (10)
Or 3
is the required solution of eq (6)
Example # 3:
dy y
x   y2  0 ………………(1)
Solve : dx 2 ln x

Solution: dy y 1 2
  y
dx 2 x ln x x

2 dy y1 2 1
y  
Or dx 2 x ln x x ………………..(2)
 v  y 1 ……………….(3)

dy dv
 1y 2 
dx dx
dy dv ……………….(4)
Or y 2  
dx dx
By using (3) & (4), eq (2) can be rewritten as
dv v 1 ……………….(5)
  
dx 2 x ln x x
Equation 5 is linear eq in v,
1 1
1  ln ln x
exp  dx   e 2  e ln(ln x ) 
2

I.F. = ln x
 2 x ln x 

Multiplying integrating factor with eq (5) we get.

dv v ln x
ln x  ln x  
dx 2 x ln x x

d ln x
Or dx
(v ln x )  
x
……………….(6)

Integrating eq (6) we get

1
v ln x    ln x dx  C
x
 3
2
v ln x   (ln x ) 2  C
3
1
2 
v   (ln x)  C (ln x) 2
3
From (3) 2 
1
1
y   (ln x)  C (ln x) 2
3
1
Or y
 2  
1
  (ln x)  C (ln x) 2 
 3 

This is the required solution of equation (1)

HOME WORK EXERCISES
A first course in Differential Equations By D. Zill [7th Edition]

Exercise # 2.5
5,6,8,10,12,13,14,16,17,22,25,27,29

Chapter 2 13