PETROLEUM ENGINEERING 661
Lesson 2
Drilling Systems
Drilling Rigs
Drilling a Well
Definitions
Homework
Read ADE to p. 37 (all of Ch. 1)
Learn the Definitions in Lesson 2B
ADE # 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.6
due Monday, September 8, 2003
Slide 2 of 49
Rotary Drilling
CHAPTER 1 (ADE)
Drilling Team
Drilling Rigs
Rig Power System
Hoisting System
Circulating System . . .
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Rotary Drilling - cont’d
The Rotary System
The Well Control System
Well-Monitoring System
Special Marine Equipment
Drilling Cost Analysis
Examples
Slide 4 of 49
The Rig Count
From the Houston Chronicle, August 26, 2001 & Sept. 1, 2002
2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 5 of 49
53
From the Houston Chronicle, Sunday, August 26, 2001
2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 6 of 49
53
From the Houston Chronicle, Sunday, September 1, 2002
2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling Slide 7 of 49
53
Composite Rig Count
Baker Hughes Rig Count
2500
2300 2004 U.S.
Average Monthly Rigs Drilling
2100 2004 World
1900 2003 U.S.
2003 World
1700
2002 U.S.
1500
2002 World
1300
2001 U.S.
1100 2001 World
900 2000 U.S.
700 2000 World
500
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Slide 8 of 49
Noble
Drilling’s
Cecil
Forbes
A Jack-
Up Rig
Slide 9 of 49
Sonat’s A Semi-
George Submersible
Washington Rig
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Zapata’s
Trader
A
Drillship
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Slide 12 of 49
TENSION LEG PLATFORM
Slide 13 of 49
Shell’s
Bullwinkle
World’s tallest
offshore
structure
1,353’ water
depth
Production
began in 1989
45,000 b/d
80MM scf/d
Slide 14 of 49
Fig. 1.4
The
rotary
drilling
process
Slide 15 of 49
Fig. 1.5
Classification of
rotary drilling rigs
Slide 16 of 49
Fig. 1.13
Engine
power
output
P=F.V
Power = Force * Velocity
Slide 17 of 49
TABLE 1.1 - HEATING VALUE
OF VARIOUS FUELS
Fuel Density Heating Value
Type (lbm/gal) (Btu/lbm)
diesel 7.2 19,000
gasoline 6.6 20,000
butane 4.7 21,000
methane --- 24,000
Slide 18 of 49
Example 1.1. A diesel engine gives an output
torque of 1,740 ft-lbf at an engine speed of 1,200
rpm. If the fuel consumption rate was 31.5 gal/hr,
what is the output power and overall efficiency of
the engine?
Solution: The angular velocity, , is given by
= 2 (1,200) = 7,539.8 rad/min.)
The power output can be computed using Eq.1.1
7,539.8 (1,740) ft - lbf/min
P T 397.5hp
33,000 ft - lbf/min /hp
Slide 19 of 49
Since the fuel type is diesel, the density is 7.2
lbm/gal and the heating value H is 19,000
Btu/lbm (Table 1.1). Thus, the fuel consumption
rate w f is:
1 hour
w f 31.5 gal/hr (7.2 lbm/gal)
60 minutes
wf = 3.78 lbm/min.
The total heat energy consumed by the engine is
given by Eq. 1.2:
Slide 20 of 49
Efficiency = (Power Out / Power in)
Qi = w f H
3.78 lbm/min 19,000Btu/lbm 779 ft - lbf/Btu
Qi
33,000 ft - lbf/min/hp
Thus, the overall efficiency of the engine at 1,200
rpm given by Eq. 1.3 is
P 397.5
Et 0.234 or 23.4%
Qi 1695.4
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Drilling a Well
Steps in Drilling a Well
Duties of Drilling Engineer
Making a Connection
Making a Trip
Rig Selection Criteria
Derrick Loading
Definitions (Lesson 2B) (separate)
Copies of ADE # 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3
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Steps to Drill A Gas/Oil Well
1. Complete or obtain seismic, log, scouting
information or other data.
2. Lease the land or obtain concession.
3. Calculate reserves or estimate from best
data available.
4. If reserve estimates show payout, proceed with
well.
5. Obtain permits from conservation/
national authority.
Slide 23 of 49
Steps to Drill a Well - cont’d
6. Prepare drilling and completion
program.
7. Ask for bids on footage, day work, or
combination from selected drilling
contractors based on drilling program.
8. If necessary, modify program to fit
selected contractor equipment.
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Steps to Drill a Well - cont’d
9. Construct road, location/platforms and other
marine equipment necessary for access to site.
10. Gather all personnel concerned for meeting
prior to commencing drilling
(pre-spud meeting)
11. If necessary, further modify program.
12. Drill well.
Slide 25 of 49
Steps to Drill a Well - cont’d
13. Move off contractor if workover unit is
to complete the well.
14. Complete well.
15. Install surface facilities.
16. Analysis of operations with concerned
personnel.
Slide 26 of 49
Drilling Operations
Field Engineers, Drilling Foremen
A. Well planning prior to SPUD
B. Monitor drilling operations
C. After drilling, review drilling results and
recommend future improvements
- prepare report.
D. General duties.
What are the well requirements?
Objectives, safety, cost
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Making Making
a a
Connection Trip
Slide 28 of 49
Making a mouse hole connection
Slide 29 of 49
Moving Kelly
to Single in
Mousehole Single
Added.
Stabbing Ready to
the Pipe Drill
Making a mouse hole connection - cont’d
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Making a trip
Why
trip?
Use
Elevators
Put Kelly in
for
Rathole
tripping
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Tripping
one stand
at a time
60-90 ft
Making a trip - cont’d Slide 32 of 49
Criteria for determining
depth limitation
Derrick
Drawworks
Mud Pumps
Drillstring
Mud System
Blowout Preventer
Power Plant
Slide 33 of 49
T W
T W
• FIG 1-1 Simple Pulley System
T=W
Derrick Load = LD = 2W
(assumes no friction in sheave)
Slide 34 of 49
n = number
of lines,
Crown block
To
Travelling
block
W = weight
(hook load)
LD = load
on derrick
• FIG 1-2 Block and Tackle System
Why n + 2?
Assuming no friction
W=4T T = W/4 n2
LD W
LD = 6 T = 6 W/4 n
Slide 35 of 49
Example 1.1
(no friction)
The total weight of 9,000 ft of 9 5/8-inch
casing for a deep well is determined to be
400,000 lbs. Since this will be the heaviest
casing string run, the maximum mast load
must be calculated. Assuming that 10
lines run between the crown and the
traveling blocks and neglecting buoyancy
effects, calculate the maximum load.
Slide 36 of 49
Solution:
The tension, T, will be distributed equally
between the 10 lines. Therefore,
T = 400,000/10 = 40,000 lbf
The tension in the fast line and dead line
will also be 40,000 lbf, so the total load is
40,000 X 12 = 480,000 lbf
Slide 37 of 49
Solution, cont.
Example 1.1 demonstrates two additional
points.
1. The marginal decrease in mast load
decreases with additional lines.
2. The total mast load is always
greater than the load being lifted.
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A Rotary Rig
Hoisting System
Slide 39 of 49
Projection of
Drilling Lines
on Rig Floor
E = efficiency = Ph/Pi = W/(n Ff ) or Ff = W/(nE)… (1.7)
TOTAL
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Load on Derrick
(considering friction in sheaves)
Derrick Load = Hook Load
+ Fast Line Load
+ Dead Line Load
Fd = W + Ff + Fs
W W 1 E En
Fd W = W
En n En
n
E = overall efficiency: E=e
e.g., if individual sheave efficiency = 0.98 and n = 8, then E =Slide
0.851
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Example 1.2
A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lbf. The drawworks
can provide an input power to the block and tackle
system as high as 500 hp. Eight lines are strung
between the crown block and traveling block.
Calculate
1. The static tension in the fast line when upward
motion is impending,
2. the maximum hook horsepower available,
Slide 42 of 49
Example 1.2, cont.
3. the maximum hoisting speed,
4. the actual derrick load,
5. the maximum equivalent derrick load,
and,
6. the derrick efficiency factor.
Assume that the rig floor is arranged as
shown in Fig. 1.17.
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Solution
1. The power efficiency for n = 8 is given as 0.841 in
Table 1.2. The tension in the fast line is given by Eq. 1.7.
W 300,000
F 44,590 lb
E n 0.841* 8
( alternatively, E = 0.988 = 0.851 )
Slide 44 of 49
Solution
2. The maximum hook horsepower
available is
Ph = Epi = 0.841(500) = 420.5 hp.
Slide 45 of 49
Solution
3. The maximum hoisting speed is given by
Ph
vb
W
33,000 ft - lbf / min
420.5 hp
hp
300,000 lbf
= 46.3 ft / min
Slide 46 of 49
Solution to 3., cont.
To pull a 90-ft stand would require
90 ft
t 1.9 min.
46.3 ft / min
Slide 47 of 49
Solution
4. The actual derrick load is given by
Eq.1.8b:
1 E En
Fd W
En
1 + 0.841 + 0.841(8)
= (300,000)
0.841(8)
= 382,090 lbf.
Slide 48 of 49
Solution
5. The maximum equivalent load is given
by Eq.1.9:
n4 8 4
Fde W * 300,000
n 8
Fde 450,000 lbf
Slide 49 of 49
Solution
6. The derrick efficiency factor is:
Fd 382,090
Ed
Fde 450,000
E d 0.849 or 84.9%
Slide 50 of 49
