TOPIC 3:
COMPUTER HARDWARE
PRE-COMPUTER CALCULATIONS
Counting on fingers and toes
Stone or bead abacus
Calculate comes from calculus, the Latin
word for small stone
1642: first mechanical adding machine
Invented by Blaise Pascal— wheels moved
counters
Modified in 1674 by Von Leibnitz
Age of industrialization
Mechanical loom used punch
cards. 2
EARLY COMPUTING
19th Century
Charles Babbage proposed the Analytical
Engine, which could calculate, store values
in memory, perform logical comparisons
Never built due to of lack of electronics
1880s
Hollerith’s punched cards used to record
census data using On/Off patterns
The holes turned sensors On or Off when
run through tabulating machine
This company became the foundation for
IBM 3
ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
1946 - First Generation Computer
ENIAC
Programmable
5000 calculations per second
Used vacuum tubes
Drawbacks were size and processing ability
1950s
ENIAC replaced by UNIVAC 1, then IBM
704
Calculations jumped to 100,000 per second
4
ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS
5
WAVES OF COMPUTING
Late 1950s - Second Generation
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
200,000 to 250,000 calculations per second
Mid-1960s - Third Generation
Integrated circuitry and miniaturization
1971 - Fourth Generation
Further miniaturization, multiprogramming,
virtual storage
1980s - Fifth Generation
Millions of calculations per second
6
MICROCOMPUTERS
1975
ALTAIR, programmed by flicking switches
1977
Commodore & Radio Shack produce PCs
1979
Apple computer, the fastest selling PC
thus far
1982
IBM introduced the PC, which changed
the market 7
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
8
MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEMS
Called a personal computer or PC
Computing power now exceeds that of the
mainframes of previous generations
Relatively inexpensive
Networked professional workstations
used by businesses
Hand-held, notebook, laptop, tablet,
portable, desktop, and floor-standing
9
MICROCOMPUTER USES
Workstations Network Servers
Supports heavy More powerful than
mathematical workstations
computer and
Coordinates
graphics display
telecommunications
demands
and resource sharing
CAD, investment,
Supports small
and portfolio analysis
networks and Internet
or intranet websites
10
MIDRANGE SYSTEMS
High-end network servers that handle large-
scale processing of business applications
Not as powerful as mainframes
Less expensive to buy, operate, maintain
Often used to manage
Large Internet websites, intranets, extranets
Integrated, enterprise-wide applications
First became popular as minicomputers
Used as front-end servers
Assists mainframes with telecommunications
and networks 11
MIDRANGE SYSTEMS
12
MAINFRAME COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
Large, fast, powerful computer systems
Large primary storage capacity
High transaction processing
Handles complex computations
Widely used as superservers for:
Large client/server networks
High-volume Internet websites
Becoming a popular computing platform for:
Data mining, warehousing, electronic
commerce applications 13
MAINFRAME COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
14
SUPERCOMPUTER SYSTEMS
Extremely powerful systems designed for…
Scientific, engineering, and business
applications
Massive numeric computations
Markets include…
Government research agencies
Large universities
Major corporations
Uses parallel processing
Billions to trillions of operations per second
(gigaflops and teraflops) 15
SUPERCOMPUTER SYSTEMS
16
COMPUTER SYSTEM CONCEPT
Input Control
System of
hardware devices
organized by
function
Processing Storage
Output
17
COMPUTER SYSTEM CONCEPT
18
COMPUTER PROCESSING
SPEEDS
Early computers
Milliseconds (thousandths of a second)
Microseconds (millionths of a second)
Current computers
Nanoseconds (billionth of a second)
Picoseconds (trillionth of a second)
Program instruction processing speeds
Megahertz (millions of cycles per second)
Gigahertz (billions of cycles per second)
Commonly called “clock speed” 19
PERIPHERALS
Generic name for all input, output,
Peripheral
and secondary storage devices
Parts of the computer system (not
the CPU)
All online devices
Separate from the CPU, but
Online Devices electronically connected to (and
controlled by) it
Separate from, and not under the
Offline Devices
control of, the CPU
20
PERIPHERALS ADVICE
21
INPUT TECHNOLOGIES
Common input devices
Keyboard
Graphical User
Interface (GUI)
Electronic mouse
and trackball
Pointing stick
Touchpad
Touchscreen
22
SPEECH RECOGNITION SYSTEMS
Speech may be the future of data entry
Easiest, most natural means of human
communication
Recognizing speech patterns
Discrete, requires pauses between each
word
Continuous speech recognition software
(CSR) recognizes continuous,
conversationally paced speech
23
OPTICAL SCANNING
Devices read text or graphics and convert
them into digital computer input
Enables direct entry of data from source
documents
Document management library system
Scans documents, then organizes and
stores them for easy reference or retrieval 24
OPTICAL SCANNING
Scanners
Larger, more expensive
Compact desktop models
flatbed scanners are
are popular for low
faster, offer high-resolution
cost and ease of use
color scanning
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
Used to read merchandise
Software that reads
tags, sort mail, score tests,
characters and codes
read bar codes
25
OTHER INPUT TECHNOLOGIES
Magnetic Stripe
Smart Cards
Digital Cameras
Magnetic Ink Character
Recognition (MICR)
26
OUTPUT TECHNOLOGIES
Voice Response Increasingly found along with
video displays in business
applications
Video Displays Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
Liquid crystal display (LCD)
Plasma displays
(TVs, flat-panel monitors)
Printed Output Inkjet and laser
27
COMPUTER STORAGE
FUNDAMENTALS
Uses
Uses two-state
two-state On (1) or Off (2)
(binary)
(binary) data
data
representation
representation Data processed & stored in computer
systems through On/Off signals
Smallest element of data
Bit
Bit
Either zero or one
Group of eight bits, which operate
as a single unit
Byte
Byte
Represents one character or number
28
REPRESENTING CHARACTERS IN
BYTES
29
USING BINARY CODE TO
CALCULATE
30
STORAGE CAPACITY
MEASUREMENT
Kilobyte (KB) One thousand bytes
Megabyte (MB) One million bytes
Gigabyte (GB) One billion bytes
Terabyte (TB) One trillion bytes
Petabyte (PB) One quadrillion bytes
31
SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY
Microelectronic semiconductor memory chips are
used for primary storage
Advantages: small size, fast, shock and temperature
resistance
Disadvantages: volatility; must have uninterrupted
electric power or loses memory
32
TYPES OF SEMICONDUCTOR
MEMORY
Random Access Read-Only Memory
Memory (RAM) (ROM)
1. Most widely used 1. Permanent storage
primary storage 2. Can be read, but not
medium overwritten
2. Volatile memory 3. Frequently used
3. Read/write memory programs burnt into
chips during
manufacturing
4. Called firmware
33
RADIO FREQUENCY
IDENTIFICATION (RFID)
One of the newest, fastest growing storage
technologies
System for tagging and identifying mobile
objects
Used with store merchandise, postal
packages, casino chips, pets
Special reader allows objects to be tracked
as they move from place to place
Chips half the size of a grain of sand
Passive chips derive power from reader
signal; active chips are self-powered 34
RFID
35
RFID VERSUS BAR CODING
Scans from greater distance
RFID
RFID Can store data
More information can be tracked
Invisible nature of the system
Privacy
Privacy
Concerns
Concerns Capacity to transmit fairly sophisticated
messages
36
THE NEXT WAVE OF COMPUTING
Industry 4.0 will be fueled by Big Data and
Artificial Intelligence
New Trend: Cloud Computing, Block Chain, Internet
of Things ( IOT)
Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning
Deep Learning
37
