Chapter 06: Advanced File and I/O
Operations
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Topics
13.1 Input and Output Streams
13.2 More Detailed Error Testing
13.3 Member Functions for Reading and
Writing Files
13.4 Binary Files
13.5 Creating Records with Structures
13.6 Random-Access Files
13.7 Opening a File for Both Input and Output
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-2
13.1 Input and Output Streams
• Input Stream – data stream from which information
can be read
– Ex: cin and the keyboard
– Use istream, ifstream, and istringstream objects
to read data
• Output Stream – data stream to which information
can be written
– Ex: cout and monitor screen
– Use ostream, ofstream, and ostringstream objects
to write data
• Input/Output Stream – data stream that can be both
read from and written to
– Use fstream objects here
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-3
Conversion Classes
• istringstream:
– Use the stream extraction operator >> to read from the
string
• ostringstream:
– Use the stream insertion operator << to add data onto
the string
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 12-4
File Stream Classes
• ifstream (open primarily for input), ofstream
(open primarily for output), and fstream (open
for either or both input and output)
• All have open member function to connect the
program to an external file
• All have close member function to disconnect
program from an external file when access is
finished
– Files should be open for as short a time as possible
– Always close files before the program ends
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-5
File Open Modes
• File open modes specify how a file is opened
and what can be done with the file once it is
open
• ios::in and ios::out are examples of file
open modes, also called file mode flag
• File modes can be combined and passed as
second argument of open member function
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-6
The fstream Object
• fstream object can be used for either input or
output
fstream file;
• To use fstream for input, specify ios::in as
the second argument to open
file.open("myfile.dat",ios::in);
• To use fstream for output, specify ios::out
as the second argument to open
file.open("myfile.dat",ios::out);
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-7
File Mode Flags
ios::app create new file, or append to end of
existing file
ios::ate go to end of existing file; write anywhere
ios::binary read/write in binary mode (not text mode)
ios::in open for input
ios::out open for output
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-8
Opening a File for Input and Output
• fstream object can be used for both input and
output at the same time
• Create the fstream object and specify both
ios::in and ios::out as the second
argument to the open member function
fstream file;
file.open("myfile.dat",
ios::in|ios::out);
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-9
File Open Modes
• Not all combinations of file open modes
make sense
• ifstream and ofstream have default file
open modes defined for them, hence the
second parameter to their open member
function is optional
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-10
Opening Files with Constructors
• Stream constructors have overloaded
versions that take the same parameters as
open
• These constructors open the file,
eliminating the need for a separate call to
open
fstream inFile("myfile.dat",
ios::in);
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-11
Default File Open Modes
• ofstream:
– open for output only
– file cannot be read from
– file is created if no file exists
– file contents erased if file exists
• ifstream:
– open for input only
– file cannot be written to
– open fails if the file does not exist
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-12
Output Formatting with I/O Manipulators
• Can format with I/O manipulators: they
work with file objects just like they work
with cout
• Can format with formatting member
functions
• The ostringstream class allows
in-memory formatting into a string object
before writing to a file
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-13
I/O Manipulators
left, right left or right justify output
oct, dec, display output in octal, decimal, or
hex hexadecimal
endl, flush write newline (endl only) and flush output
showpos, do, do not show leading + with non-negative
noshowpos numbers
showpoint, do, do not show decimal point and trailing
noshowpoint zeroes
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-14
More I/O Manipulators
fixed, use fixed or scientific notation for
scientific floating-point numbers
setw(n) sets minimum field output width to n
setprecision(n) sets floating-point precision to n
setfill(ch) uses ch as fill character
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-15
sstream Formatting
1) To format output into an in-memory
string object, include the sstream
header file and create an
ostringstream object
#include <sstream>
ostringstream outStr;
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-16
sstream Formatting
2) Write to the ostringstream object
using I/O manipulators, all other
stream member functions:
outStr << showpoint << fixed
<< setprecision(2)
<< '$'<< amount;
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-17
sstream Formatting
3) Access the C-string inside the
ostringstream object by calling its
str member function
cout << outStr.str();
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-18
13.2 More Detailed Error Testing
• Stream objects have error bits (flags)
that are set by every operation to
indicate success or failure of the
operation, and the status of the stream
• Stream member functions report on the
settings of the flags
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-19
Error State Bits
Can examine error state bits to determine file
stream status
ios::eofbit set when end of file detected
ios::failbit set when operation failed
ios::hardfail set when an irrecoverable error
occurred
ios::badbit set when invalid operation
attempted
ios::goodbit set when no other bits are set
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-20
Error Bit Reporting Functions
eof() true if eofbit set, false otherwise
fail() true if failbit or hardfail set, false
otherwise
bad() true if badbit set, false otherwise
good() true if goodbit set, false otherwise
clear() clear all flags (no arguments), or clear a
specific flag
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-21
Detecting File Operation Errors
• The file handle is set to true if a file operation
succeeds. It is set to false when a file operation fails
• Test the status of the stream by testing the file
handle:
inFile.open("myfile");
if (!inFile)
{ cout << "Can't open file";
exit(1);
}
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-22
13.3 Member Functions for Reading
and Writing Files
Unlike the extraction operator >>, these
reading functions do not skip whitespace:
getline: read a line of input
get: reads a single character
seekg: goes to beginning of input file
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-23
getline Member Function
getline(char s[ ],
int max, char stop ='\n')
– char s[ ]: Character array to hold input
– int max : 1 more than the maximum
number of characters to read
– char stop: Terminator to stop at if
encountered before max number of
characters is read . Optional, default is '\n'
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-24
Single Character Input
get(char &ch)
Read a single character from the input stream
and put it in ch. Does not skip whitespace.
ifstream inFile; char ch;
inFile.open("myFile");
inFile.get(ch);
cout << "Got " << ch;
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-25
Single Character Input, Again
get()
Read a single character from the input stream and
return the character. Does not skip whitespace.
ifstream inFile; char ch;
inFile.open("myFile");
ch = inFile.get();
cout << "Got " << ch;
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-26
Single Character Input, with a Difference
peek()
Read a single character from the input stream but do not
remove the character from the input stream. Does not skip
whitespace.
ifstream inFile; char ch;
inFile.open("myFile");
ch = inFile.peek();
cout << "Got " << ch;
ch = inFile.peek();
cout << "Got " << ch;//same output
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-27
Single Character Output
• put(char ch)
Output a character to a file
• Example
ofstream outFile;
outFile.open("myfile");
outFile.put('G');
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-28
Moving About in Input Files
seekg(offset, place)
Move to a given offset relative to a given
place in the file
– offset: number of bytes from place,
specified as a long
– place: location in file from which to compute offset
ios::beg: beginning of file
ios::end: end of the file
ios::cur: current position in file
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-29
Example of Single Character I/O
To copy an input file to an output file
char ch; infile.get(ch);
while (!infile.fail())
{ outfile.put(ch);
infile.get(ch);
}
infile.close();
outfile.close();
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-30
Rewinding a File
• To move to the beginning of file, seek to an
offset of zero from beginning of file
inFile.seekg(0L, ios::beg);
• Error or eof bits will block seeking to the
beginning of file. Clear bits first:
inFile.clear();
inFile.seekg(0L, ios::beg);
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-31
13.4 Binary Files
• Binary files store data in the same format
that a computer has in main memory
• Text files store data in which numeric
values have been converted into strings of
ASCII characters
• Files are opened in text mode (as text files)
by default
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-32
Using Binary Files
• Pass the ios::binary flag to the open
member function to open a file in binary mode
infile.open("myfile.dat",ios::binary);
• Reading and writing of binary files requires
special read and write member functions
read(char *buffer, int numberBytes)
write(char *buffer, int numberBytes)
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-33
Using read and write
read(char *buffer, int numberBytes)
write(char *buffer, int numberBytes)
• buffer: holds an array of bytes to transfer
between memory and the file
• numberBytes: the number of bytes to transfer
Address of the buffer needs to be cast to
char * using reinterpret_cast <char *>
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-34
Using write
To write an array of 2 doubles to a binary file
ofstream outFile("myfile",ios:binary);
double d[2] = {12.3, 34.5};
outFile.write(
reinterpret_cast<char *>(d),sizeof(d));
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-35
Using read
To read two 2 doubles from a binary file into an array
ifstream inFile("myfile", ios:binary);
const int DSIZE = 10;
double data[DSIZE];
inFile.read(
reinterpret_cast<char *>(data),
2*sizeof(double));
// only data[0] and data[1] contain
// values
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-36
13.5 Creating Records with
Structures
• Can write structures to, read structures
from files
• To work with structures and files,
– use binary file flag upon open
– use read, write member functions
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-37
Creating Records with Structures
struct TestScore
{ int studentId;
float score;
char grade;
};
TestScore test1[20];
...
// write out test1 array to a file
gradeFile.write( reinterp
ret_cast<char*>(test1),
sizeof(test1));
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-38
Notes on Structures Written to Files
• Structures to be written to a file must not
contain pointers
• Since string objects use pointers and
dynamic memory internally, structures to
be written to a file must not contain any
string objects
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-39
13.6 Random-Access Files
• Sequential access: start at beginning of
file and go through data the in file, in
order, to the end of the file
– to access 100th entry in file, go through 99
preceding entries first
• Random access: access data in a file in
any order
– can access 100th entry directly
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-40
Random Access Member Functions
• seekg (seek get): used with input files
• seekp (seek put): used with output files
Both are used to go to a specific position
in a file
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-41
Random Access Member Functions
seekg(offset,place)
seekp(offset,place)
offset:long integer specifying number of bytes
to move
place: starting point for the move, specified
by ios:beg, ios::cur or
ios:end
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-42
Random-Access Member Functions
• Examples:
// Set read position 25 bytes
// after beginning of file
inData.seekg(25L, ios::beg);
// Set write position 10 bytes
// before current position
outData.seekp(-10L, ios::cur);
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-43
13.7 Opening a File for Both
Input and Output
• A file can be open for input and output
simultaneously
• Supports updating a file:
– read data from file into memory
– update data
– write data back to file
• Use fstream for file object definition:
fstream gradeList("grades.dat",
ios::in | ios::out);
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley 13-45
Chapter 06: Advanced File and I/O
Operations
Copyright © 2014, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
