Introduction to microprocessor and

microcontroller
By Prashanth.S.N.
Computer Block Diagram

input Memory output

CPU

ALU

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Difference between Microprocessor and
microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
It is used for general It is used for specific or
purpose. particular application
It does not consists of It consists of timers and
any timers or counters. counters .
 microprocessor is used Micro controller is used
for processing data. for control some action.
Microprocessor is a chip Micro controller is a
on computer on chip.
computer.
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 Harvard architecture

In Harvard architecture, program and data

are stored in separate memory and handled
by different sub-system

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Harvard Architecture
advantages:
1: Data Space and Program Space are distinct
2: There is no Data corruption or loss of data
Disadvantage is:
1: The circuitry is very complex.
2:communication of data with peripheral is slow
3: Require large board area.

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 Von Neumann Architecture

In von-Neumann architecture, program and

data are stored in same memory and
managed by same information handling
subsystem.
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Von Neumann Architecture
Advantages
Interchange of data with peripheral is easy
Require less board area.
Disadvantage
Sequential operation
Data may get corrupted

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 Overview.
Harvard Architecture Von-Neumann

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 RISC V/s CICS
CISC Complex instruction set for
computer.

Eg:- Intel, X86,8051, Motorola chips(6800).

RISC Reduced instruction set for computer.

Eg:-ARM,PIC,AVR etc.

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 On the right is a diagram
representing the storage scheme
for a generic computer. The main
memory is divided into locations
numbered from (row) 1: (column)
1 to (row) 6: (column) 4. The
execution unit is responsible for
carrying out all computations.
However, the execution unit can
only operate on data that has been
loaded into one of the six registers
(A, B, C, D, E, or F). Let's say we
want to find the product of two
numbers - one stored in location
2:3 and another stored in location
5:2 - and then store the product
back in the location 2:3.

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 The CISC Approach 
The primary goal of CISC architecture is to complete a task
in as few lines of assembly as possible. This is achieved by
building processor hardware that is capable of
understanding and executing a series of operations. For this
particular task, a CISC processor would come prepared
with a specific instruction (we'll call it "MULT").
When executed, this instruction loads the two values into
separate registers, multiplies the operands in the execution
unit, and then stores the product in the appropriate register.
Thus, the entire task of multiplying two numbers can be
completed with one instruction:
MULT 2:3, 5:2

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MULT is what is known as a "complex instruction." It
operates directly on the computer's memory banks and
does not require the programmer to explicitly call any
loading or storing functions. It closely resembles a
command in a higher level language. For instance, if we let
"a" represent the value of 2:3 and "b" represent the value
of 5:2, then this command is identical to the C statement "a
= a * b.“.

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The RISC Approach 
RISC processors only use simple instructions that can be
executed within one clock cycle. Thus, the "MULT" command
described above could be divided into three separate
commands: "LOAD," which moves data from the memory
bank to a register, "PROD," which finds the product of two
operands located within the registers, and "STORE," which
moves data from a register to the memory banks. In order to
perform the exact series of steps described in the CISC
approach, a programmer would need to code four lines of
assembly:
LOAD A, 2:3
LOAD B, 5:2
PROD A, B
STORE 2:3, A
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 The RISC strategy also brings some very important advantages.
Because each instruction requires only one clock cycle to
execute, the entire program will execute in approximately the
same amount of time as the multi-cycle "MULT" command.

 These RISC "reduced instructions" require less transistors of

hardware space than the complex instructions, leaving more
room for general purpose registers. Because all of the
instructions execute in a uniform amount of time (i.e. one clock),
pipelining is possible.

 Separating the "LOAD" and "STORE" instructions actually

reduces the amount of work that the computer must perform.
After a CISC-style "MULT" command is executed, the processor
automatically erases the registers. If one of the operands needs to
be used for another computation, the processor must re-load the
data from the memory bank into a register. In RISC, the operand
will remain in the register until another value is loaded in its
place.
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Difference Between RISC and CISC
Architecture
CISC RISC
Emphasis is on hardware Emphasis is on software
Includes multi clock Single clock reduced

complex instruction. instruction.

Register to register “LOAD”
Memory to memory
and “STORE” and are
“LOAD” and “STORE”
independent instructions.
incorporated instruction.
Large code size low
Small codes sizes cycles/sec.
high cycles/sec. Execution period remains
Execution period is same.
different
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Micro Controllers are used Where ever
• Small size
• Low cost
• Low power

Where ever

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