UNDERSTANDING DATA AND
WAYS TO SYSTEMATICALLY Quarter 2
COLLECT DATA
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING
STATEMENTS DESCRIBED
ETHNOGRAPHY?
a. Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods,
policies, institutions or other systems that are studied
holistically by one or more methods
b. It is an approach that generates and modifies a theory.
c. Study of cultural patterns of people and their perspective as a
group.
d. understanding of an individual’s experience for the same
person’s realistic dealings with hard facts of life
2. IT REFERS TO A SAMPLING METHOD
WHICH REQUIRES SELECTION OF A
STARTING POINT FOR THE SAMPLE AND
SAMPLE SIZE THAT CAN BE REPEATED AT
REGULAR INTERVALS?
a. Simple Random Sampling
b. Systematic Sampling
c. Cluster Sampling
d. Stratified Random Sampling
3. INSTRUCTORS TEACHING RESEARCH METHODS ARE
INTERESTED IN KNOWING WHAT STUDY TECHNIQUES
THEIR STUDENTS ARE UTILIZING. RATHER THAN
ASSESSING ALL STUDENTS, THE RESEARCHERS
RANDOMLY SELECT 10 STUDENTS FROM EACH OF THE
SECTIONS TO COMPRISE THEIR SAMPLE. WHAT
SAMPLING METHOD DO YOU THINK WOULD BE THE BEST
FIT TO USE?
A.Cluster Sampling
B.Systematic Sampling
C.Simple Random Sampling
D. Stratified Random
4. SAY YOU WERE INTERESTED IN
SAMPLING STUDENTS WHO DEAL DRUGS
ON CAMPUS. WHAT SAMPLING
TECHNIQUE COULD YOU USE TO BUILD
THIS SAMPLE?
A.cluster sampling
B.quota sampling
C.purposive sampling
D.snowball sampling
LESSON 1 -
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN
AFTER HAVING A RESEARCH PROBLEM
AND HYPOTHESIS, YOU NEED TO MAKE
AN OUTLINE OF YOUR RESEARCH. THIS
BLUEPRINT IS WHAT WE CALLED
RESEARCH DESIGN.
Research Design is a type of inquiry within qualitative,
quantitative, and mixed methods approach that provides
specific direction for procedures. Others have called
them strategies of inquiry (Denzin & Lincoln, 2011). It
also includes collection of data, research timeline and
respondents used.
TYPES OF
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN
CASE STUDY
Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions,
periods, policies, institutions or other systems
that are studied holistically by one or more
methods. It investigates a phenomenon within
its real-life context.
ADVANTAGES:
More understanding on complex issue
Apply variety of methodologies and sources to investigate a
research problem.
Extend experience or add strength to what is already known
through previous research.
Most widely used by social scientists to examine contemporary
real-life situations and provide the basis for the application of
concepts
It can provide detailed descriptions of specific and rare cases.
DISADVANTAGES:
Intense exposure to the study may bias a researcher's
interpretation of the findings
Design does not facilitate assessment of cause and effect
relationships.
Vital information may be missing, making the case hard to
interpret
The case may not be representative or typical of the larger
problem being investigated.
EXAMPLE:
In the study of Acosta, Imee and Alexander Acosta(2016)
entitled “SEEING THROUGH A MAGNIFYING LENS: A
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY OF K-12 READINESS OF FACULTY
MEMBERS FROM HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN
THE PHILIPPINES”, adoption of the 12-year program of formal
basic education. This is the readiness of college faculty members
on how to deal the transition years of having no enrollees in
college since high school were being added with 2 years more.
This research provides a real-life understanding on the issue of
k-12 implementation on education.
ETHNOGRAPHY
Study of cultural patterns of people
and their perspective as a group. It
also involves their beliefs, values and
attitudes.
EXAMPLE:
In the study of Peter Gill (2008) entitled “THE EVERYDAY LIVES
OF MEN: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF YOUNG
ADULT MALE IDENTITY” wherein constructing the issue of men’s
identities, men’s health and well-being .The researcher describe in
details the ways which masculinities were observed every day.
The researcher took two years as participant in observing
the pattern within the two groups engaging men’s social
worlds, belongingness and sex relationships.
GROUND THEORY
It is a development of theory directly
based and grounded in data collected by
the researcher. It is an approach that
generates and modifies a theory.
EXAMPLE:
Ilagan, Perla R. (2011) acquired an in depth understanding of the meaning of intimate
partner violence from the perceptions of Filipino men and women. A sample consisted
of 37 Filipino women and 2 Filipino men who were recruited from a Barangay Center
(Health Center) in Manila, Philippines. Data were collected through semi-structured
interviews. The interviews were open-ended, in-depth, and audio-taped. The
description of the study participants was provided by the quantitative-descriptive data.
Constant comparison method was used in categorizing the narrative data and in
examining the data for examples of similar cases and themes.
The study revealed a rich and contextualized overview that lay a foundation for
understanding the perceptions and experiences of Filipino women and men living
with intimate partner violence. The data point to recurrent themes of poverty,
gambling, alcohol and drug use, poor communication skills, jealousy and
philandering. Violation of the dignity of a person that brought with it children as
victims was implicated in the cycle of violence.
NARRATIVE INQUIRY
These are tales of experience or imagination
and come naturally to human beings.
EXAMPLE:
In the study of Theresa Andrea Nugent(2007) entitled “A
NARRATIVE INQUIRY OF TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS
REGARDING THEIR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
EXPERIENCES”, it describes what is happening or not from the
viewpoint of the classroom teacher towards their teaching experience
to their students output. In this research, teachers then reflect how
they applied their learning to support student outcomes, the support
that students received and the barriers encountered. So in this
research, there are stories constructed by the researcher, respondents
and the reader
PHENOMENOLOGY
A phenomenon is something you experience on Earth as a person. It
is a sensory experience that makes you perceive or understand things
that naturally occur in your life such as death, joy, friendship, care
giving, defeat, victory, and the like.
Phenomenology aims at getting a thorough understanding of an
individual’s experience for the same person’s realistic dealings with
hard facts of life. Ethnography aims at defining, describing or
portraying a certain group of people possessing unique cultural
traits.
EXAMPLE:
Vapor, Victor Rey Cui (2009) explored a new Philippine phenomenon that emerged involving Filipino
physicians who went back to school to take up nursing in the Philippines in order to migrate to foreign
countries to work as nurses. The purpose of his study was to describe and to interpret the lived experiences
of Filipino physician-turned nurses in the United States. Phenomenology was used as research design, with
data obtained from a purposive sample of eight (8) self-identified physician-turned nurses in Las Vegas,
Nevada.
Participants were interviewed using a single, open-ended central question. The audio taped responses that
described their lived experiences were eventually transcribed verbatim. To interpret their experiences,
clusters of themes were then generated using the Colaizzi's (1978) method of Phenomenological Inquiry.
The results of the study revealed that the experiences of Filipino physician-turned nurses involved
multidimensional issues, both in the contexts of emigration and a professional shift from physician to
nurse. Being the first of its kind, this study will enlighten society of the lived experiences of Filipino
physicians who compromise professional integrity by working as nurses just to emigrate to the United
States. Furthermore, this research study will contribute to the existing literature on cross-cultural
adaptation, particularly involving role compromise in an unfamiliar social and cultural context.
