Flexural Analysis of Beams
1
Introduction
Gradually load a simply supported beam until
it fails
Three behavior stages:
(a) Concrete uncracked
(b) Concrete cracked – elastic stresses
(c) Concrete cracked – Ultimate strength
2
Uncracked Concrete Stage
Tensile stresses in concrete are less than
modulus of rupture
Entire beam cross-section resists bending
Compression on one side and tension on the
other
3
Uncracked Concrete Stage
4
Concrete Cracked – Elastic
Stresses
Cracks develop on tension side of beam
Moment at which cracks begin – cracking
moment (Mcr)
Cracks spread toward the neutral axis
Neutral axis moves upward (for positive
moment)
5
Concrete Cracked – Elastic
Stresses
Cracked concrete cannot resist tension
Tensile stress must be resisted by steel
This stage continues until concrete stresses
are about one-half concrete compression
strength and steel stress is less than yield
Stress varies linearly with strain
6
Concrete Cracked – Elastic
Stresses
7
Concrete Cracked – Elastic
Stresses
This is the stage occurring under
service-load conditions
Stresses are computed using the transformed
area method
Service or working loads are considerably
higher than the cracking load
8
Concrete Cracked – Ultimate
Strength Stage
Tensile cracks and neutral axis move
upward (for positive moment)
Stresses are no longer linearly related to
strain
Reinforcing bars yield
9
Concrete Cracked – Ultimate
Strength Stage
10
Moment-Curvature Relationship
11
Cracking Moment
Effect of reinforcement is negligible
until concrete is cracked
Stress in the beam may My
be calculated using:
f
Ig
ACI Section 9.5.2.3 – cracking fr I g
moment is calculated using M cr
ACI equation 9-9: yt
12
Cracking Moment
yt is the distance from the centroidal
axis to the extreme tension fiber
Cracking stress – ACI
Equation 9-10:
f r 7.5 f c
'
is a parameter to account for lightweight
concrete:
= 1 for normal weight concrete
= 0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete
= 0.75 for all-lightweight concrete
13
Example 2.1
For the beam shown in the figure,
compute the bending stresses for a
moment of 25 k-ft. Use normal weight
concrete, a concrete strength of
4,000 psi and a modulus of rupture of
474 psi and determine the cracking
moment.
14
Example 2.1
15
Example 2.1
(a) Calculate the bending stresses
assuming the section uncracked
1 3 1
I g bh 12 in 18 in 5832 in
3 4
12 12
My 25,000 lb-ft 12in ft 9 in
f 4
463.0 psi
Ig 5832 in
16
Example 2.1
(b) Calculate the cracking moment
fr Ig 474 psi 5832 in 4
M cr f r S
y 9 in
307,200 lb-in 25.60 k-ft
17
Elastic Stresses - Cracked
Concrete
All concrete in the tensile zone is
cracked and is neglected
Perfect bond between the tension steel
and concrete – stains in two materials
are equal
Stresses are not equal because of
differences in moduli
18
Elastic Stresses - Cracked
Concrete
Ratio of the steel to concrete stress
is given by the modular ratio Es
n
Ec
Transformed area
Area of tension steel (As) is equivalent to
an equivalent concrete area of nAs
19
Elastic Stresses - Cracked
Concrete
Figure 2.6
20
Example 2.2
Calculate the bending stresses in the
beam using the transformed area
method. Use a concrete strength of
3,000 psi, n = 9 and M = 70 k-ft.
21
Example 2.2
22
Example 2.2
(a) Locate the neutral axis by summing
moments of areas about the neutral axis
x in
12 in x in 9 3 in 17 in x in
2
2
6 x 2 459 27 x
x 6.78 in
23
Example 2.2
(b) Compute the moment of inertia of the
transformed area
1
I cr 12 in 6.78 in 9 3 in 17 in 6.78 in
3 2 2
3
4067 in 4
where Icr is the cracked, transformed
moment of inertia
24
Example 2.2
(c) Compute the bending stresses
Mx 70, 000 lb-ft 12in ft 6.78 in
fc 4
1400 psi
I cr 4067 in
fs n
M (d x)
9
70, 000 lb-ft 12in ft 17 6.78 in
I cr 4067 in 4
19, 000 psi
25
Example 2.3
Determine the allowable bending moment
that may be applied to the beam of
Example 2.2 if the allowable stresses are
1350 psi for concrete in compression and
20,000 psi for reinforcing steel in
tension.
26
Example 2.3
f c I cr 1350 psi 4067 in 4
Mc 809,800 in-lb
x 6.78 in
67.5 k-ft
f s I cr 20, 000 psi 4067 in 4
Mt 884,323 in-lb
n( d x ) 9 10.22 in
73.7 k-ft
The beam capacity is controlled by the concrete stress
and is 67.5 k-ft
27
Example 2.4
Calculate the bending stresses in the
notched beam shown using the
transformed area method.
Use n = 8 and M = 110 k-ft.
28
Example 2.4
29
Example 2.4
(a) Locate the neutral axis (NA) by summing
moments of areas about the neutral axis – assume
the NA below the notch
x in
18 in x in 6 in 6 in x in 3 in
2
8 5.06 in 2 23 in x in
9 x 2 36 x 108 931 40.48 x
x 9.32 in
Note that the NA is below the depth of the slot, as
assumed. If x had been less than 6”, the calculated
value of x would not have been valid. 30
Example 2.4
(b) Compute the moment of inertia of the
transformed area
1 1
I cr 6 in 9.32 in 2 6 in 3.32 in
3 3
3 3
8 5.06 in 13.68 in 2
2
10,887 in 4
31
Example 2.4
(c) Compute the bending stresses
Mx 110, 000 lb-ft 12in ft 9.32 in
fc 4
1130 psi
I cr 10,887 in
fs n
M (d x)
8
110, 000 lb-ft 12in ft 13.68 in
I cr 10,887 in 4
13, 269 psi
32
Doubly-Reinforced Beams
Compression steel
Smaller beams
Reduction of long-term deflection
Support for stirrups
Stress in compression bars doubles over
time
33
Example 2.5
Calculate the bending stresses in the
beam using the transformed area
method. Use n = 10 and M = 118 k-ft.
34
Example 2.5
35
Example 2.5
(a) Locate the neutral axis by summing moments of
areas about the neutral axis
x in
20 1 x in 2.5 in
2
14 in x in 2 in
2
10 4 in 2 17.5 in x in
7 x 2 38 x 95 700 40 x
x 6.45 in
36
Example 2.5
(b) Compute the moment of inertia of the
transformed area
1
I cr 14 in 6.45 in 20 -1 2 in 3.95 in
3 2 2
3
10 4 in 11.05 in 2
2
6, 729 in 4
37
Example 2.5
(c) Compute the bending stresses
Mx 118, 000 lb-ft 12in ft 6.45 in
fc 4
1357 psi
I cr 6, 729 in
f 2n
' M ( x d ')
20
118, 000 lb-ft 12in ft 3.95 in
16, 624 psi
s 4
I cr 6, 729 in
fs n
M (d x)
10
118, 000 lb-ft 12in ft 11.05 in
23, 253 psi
4
I cr 6, 729 in
38
Ultimate Moment
Tensile bars are stressed to yield before
concrete crushes
Constant concrete compressive
stress – 85% of ultimate stress
Whitney
Rectangular stress block extends stress
1 times c block
1 depends on concrete strength
39
Example 2.6
40
Example 2.6
Calculate the nominal flexural strength
of the beam if the yield stress of the
steel is 60,000 psi and the strength of
the concrete is 3,000 psi.
41
Example 2.6
42
Example 2.6
(a) Calculate the tensile force (T) and the
compressive force (C)
T As f y 3 in 2 60 ksi 180 k
C 0.85 f c' ab 0.85 3 ksi a 14 in 35.70a
(b) Determine a by equating T and C
180 k 35.70a
a 5.04 in
43
Example 2.6
(c) Compute the moment arm and the moment
a 5.04 in
d 21 in 18.48 in
2 2
a
M n T (d ) 180 k 18.48 in 3326.4 k-in 277.2 k-ft
2
44
Example 2.7
Calculate the nominal flexural strength
of the beam if the yield stress of the
steel is 60,000 psi and the strength of
the concrete is 3,000 psi.
45
Example 2.7
4 #9
As = 4.00 in2
46
Example 2.7
(a) Calculate the tensile force (T) and the
compressive force (C); determine the area of
concrete necessary to equilibrate T
T As f y 4 in 2 60 ksi 240 k
C 0.85 f c' Ac
C T
T 240 k
Ac 94.12 in 2
0.85 f c' 0.85 3 ksi
(6)(6) ( a 6)(18) 94.12 in 2
a 9.23 in
47
Example 2.7
(c) Locate the NA and determine Mn.
Defining y as the distance from the top of the
section to the centroid of the compression area,
3.23 in
36 in 3 in 58.12 in 6 in 2
2 2
y 2
5.85 in
94.12 in
d y 21 in 5.85 in 15.15 in
M n 240 k 15.15 in 3636 k-in 303 k-ft
48
