Applied Thermodynamics
BSEE 2019-2023 3rd Semester
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
Islamabad
MUJEEB UR REHMAN ATIF
THE IDEAL-GAS EQUATION OF STATE
THE IDEAL-GAS EQUATION OF STATE
At low pressures and high temperatures, the density of a gas decreases, and the
gas behaves as an ideal gas under these conditions.
Dense gases such as water vapor in steam power plants and refrigerant vapor in
refrigerators, however, should not be treated as ideal gases. Instead, the property
tables should be used for these substances.
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
Gases deviate from ideal-gas behavior significantly at states near the saturation
region and the critical point.
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
The experimentally determined Z values are plotted against PR and TR for several
gases. The gases seem to obey the principle of corresponding states reasonably
well.
By curve-fitting all the data, we obtain the generalized compressibility chart that
can be us ed for all gases.
The following observations can be made from the generalized compressibility
chart:
At very low pressures (PR << 1), gases behave as ideal gases regardless of temperature.
At high temperatures (TR > 2), ideal-gas behavior can be assumed with good accuracy
regardless of pressure (except when PR >> 1).
The deviation of a gas from ideal-gas behavior is greatest in the vicinity of the critical point
Charles Law
When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held
constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will
be in direct proportion.
Boyles Law
The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass
of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the
volume it occupies if the temperature and
amount of gas remain unchanged within a
closed system.
Chapter-4
Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Moving Boundary work
One form of mechanical work often encountered in practice is associated with the
expansion or compression of a gas in a piston–cylinder device.
During this process, part of the boundary (the inner face of the piston) moves back
and forth.
Therefore, the expansion and compression work is often called moving boundary
work, or simply boundary work.
Moving boundary work is the primary form of work involved in automobile
engines. During their expansion, the combustion gases force the piston to move,
which in turn forces the crankshaft to rotate
Moving Boundary work
Consider the gas enclosed in the piston–cylinder
device shown in Fig.
The process is Quasi-static: the work output of the
engines is maximum, and the work input to the
compressors to be a minimum.
The initial pressure of the gas is P, the total volume is V,
and the cross-sectional area of the piston is A. If the
piston is allowed to move a distance ds in a quasi-
equilibrium manner, the differential work done during
this process is;
Moving Boundary work
is the absolute pressure, which is
P
always positive.
The volume change dV is positive during
an expansion process and negative during
a compression process.
The total boundary work done during the
entire process as the piston moves is
obtained by adding all the differential
works from the initial state to the final
state:
Polytropic process
During actual expansion and compression processes of gases, pressure and volume
are often related by
PVn = C
where n and C are constants.
A process of this kind is called a polytropic process.
Polytropic process
For the special case of n = 1 the boundary work becomes
For an ideal gas this result is equivalent to the isothermal process discussed in
the previous example.
A piston–cylinder device contains 0.05 m3 of a gas initially
at 200 kPa. At this state, a linear spring that has a spring
constant of 150 kN/m is touching the piston but exerting no
force on it. Now heat is transferred to the gas, causing the
piston to rise and to compress the spring until the volume
inside the cylinder doubles. If the cross-sectional area of the
piston is 0.25 m2, determine (a) the final pressure inside the
cylinder, (b) the total work done by the gas, and (c) the
fraction of this work done against the spring to compress it.
Energy Balance for Closed systems
Energy balance for any system undergoing any kind of process was expressed as;
or, in the rate form, as;
The energy balance for a closed system is;
Energy Balance for Closed systems
As;
Heat into the system= +ve and Heat out of the system= -ve
Work done by System = +ve and Work done on System = -ve
For cyclic work;
Where,
∮ 𝑄=∮ 𝑊
